kdpj tho;f;if caHthdJ> mhpjhdJ. mj;jifa tho;f;ifia xt;nthUtUk; kfpo;r;rp> Jf;fk;> ntWg;G> vspik vd ntt;NtW tpjkhf tho;fpd;wdH. tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU epfo;itAk; ,urpj;J thOk;NghJ tho;f;if ,d;gkakhfpwJ. rq;ffhy kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahbize;j tho;it Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,jdhy; Nghl;b> nghwhik Nghd;wj; jPf;Fzq;fs; kf;fspilNa ,y;iy. Itif epyq;fSf;F Vw;whH Nghy; tho;e;jdH. jhq;fs; tho;e;j tho;f;ifia> Ghpe;j tho;f;ifia> urpj;j tho;f;ifia mofpa ,yf;fpaq;fshfg; gilj;jdH. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; ,d;Wk; jkpohpd; rpwg;ig cyfstpy; giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,yf;fzf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; $ba ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; gbf;f gbf;f rypf;fhj fw;gid tsk; kpFe;jit. xU rpwpa nra;jpiaf; $l moFzHTld; gytpjkhd tUzidfs; %yk; rq;ffhyg; GytHfs; vLj;Jiuj;jdH. ef;fPuH vOjpa neLey;thilapy; ,lk; ngw;w tUzidfisf; fhz;Nghk;.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;

1. tUzid- GidTiu
2. NfhtyH – ,ilaH
3. $jpHfhyk; – kioAk;> FspHr;rpAk; kpFe;j fhyk;
4. NfhGuk; – efuj;jpd; thapy;
5. Me;jg;Guk; – murd;> Njtp ciwtplk;
6. gQ;riz – fl;by; Nky; ,lg;gLk; nkj;ij
7. Gidah Xtpak;- tz;zk; jPl;lhj Xtpak;

tUzid

xU epfo;r;rpia my;yJ fijia vOj;J tbtpy; gilf;Fk; nghOJ ftpQdpd; gilg;Gj; jpwd; ntspg;gLfpwJ. “tUzid vd;gjw;F GidTiu> tphpT> fw;gid> ,y;yhjijr; Rl;br; nrhy;Yjy; vd;W fof mfuhjp nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ” (Nriy rfNjt KjypahH fofj;jkpo;f; ifafuhjp> g. 313).

,ay;ghfr; nrhy;tij mo$l;b nfhQ;rk; kpifg;gLj;jp gbg;NghH ,d;GWk; tz;zk; $WtJ tUzid MFk;. tUzidfSld; xU fUj;ij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghOJ myq;fhuk; gz;zpa kzg;ngz; Nghy ,yf;fpak; n[hypf;Fk;.  ntWk; fUj;ij vspikahfr; nrhy;Yk; nghOJ tz;zk; jPl;lg;glhj Xtpak; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jifa tUzidfisg; gilg;gjw;Ff; fw;gidj; jpwd; Njit. fw;gid ,U tifg;gLk;. epidTf; fw;gid> Mf;ff; fw;gid.

epidTf; fw;gid

epidTf; fw;gid vd;gJ ehk; mDgtpj;j my;yJ gbj;j xd;iw kPz;Lk; epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ MFk;. gs;spg; gUtj;jpy; ele;j epfo;r;rpia epidj;Jg; ghHg;gJ E}w;ghf;fis epidTg;gLj;jp NjHT vOJtJ epidTf; fw;gidapy; mlq;Fk;.

Mf;ff; fw;gid

ehk; mDgtpj;j xd;iwg; Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; rpe;jpj;Jg; gilg;gJ Mf;ff; fw;gid MFk;. rH Irf; epA+l;ld; Mg;gps; gok; kuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fPNo tpOe;jij vy;NyhUk; ghHg;gJ Nghy; ,ay;ghf rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. NkNy Nghlg;gLk; nghUs; fPNo tpOtjw;Fg; Gtp<Hg;G rf;jp jhd; fhuzk; vdf; fz;lwpe;jhH. ,j;jifa tpQ;Qhdpfs; fw;gid Mf;ff; fw;gidNa. ,yf;fpak; gilf;Fk; GytHfspd; fw;gidAk; ,t;tifNa. Ky;iyg; G+ khiyf;fhyk; kyHtJ ,ay;ghf elf;Fk; xd;W.  Mdhy; jiytidg; gphpe;J ,Uf;Fk; jiytp fhHfhyk; te;j gpd;Gk; jiytd; tuhjij epidj;J mOtijg; ghHj;J Ky;iyg;G+ rphpg;gjhff; FWe;njhifg; GytH $Wfpd;whH. ,q;qdk; ftpQd; jhd; mDgtpj;J urpj;jf; fhl;rpiaf; fw;gid %yk; nkUNfw;wpg; Gjpjhfg; gilf;fpwhd;. xd;Wf;nfhd;W rpwpJk; njhlHgpy;yhj epfo;Tfis xUq;fpizj;J gbg;Nghhpd; ftdj;ij <Hf;fpwhd;. ftpij ,d;gj;jpy; %o;fr; nra;fpwhd;.

nfhLq;Nfhy; NfhtyH

Mepiufis Nka;f;Fk; NfhtyHfis ef;fPuH “nfhLq;Nfhy; NfhtyH” vd tUzpf;fpwhH.  ,r;nrhy; ,U nghUs; jUk;. Mepiufis tUj;Jtjhy; nfhLikahd Nfhiy cila NfhtyH vd;Wk;> tise;j Nfhiy cila NfhtyH vd;Wk; nghUs;. mtHfs; fhe;jspd; ePz;l ,jo;fshy; fl;ba khiyfisj; jq;fs; jiyapy; #bf; nfhz;ldH. mk;kyH khiyfspy; kioePH gl;L clk;gpy; njwpg;gjhy; clk;gpy; FspHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. mf;FspHr;rpiag; Nghf;f iffis neUg;gUfpy; fhl;br; #Nlw;wpj; jq;fs; fd;dq;fspy; itj;Jf; nfhz;ldH (ne.th. thpfs;: 3-8).

Fd;Wk; FspUk; $jpHfhyk;

gz;ilj; jkpoHfs; khwp tUk; fhyepiyiaf; $He;J Nehf;fp xU gUtj;jpw;F ,uz;L khjk; tPjk; tUlj;ij MW gUtq;fshfg; gphpj;jdH. Ig;grp> fhHj;jpif khjq;fs; $jpHfhyk; MFk; vd njhy;fhg;gpaH $wpAs;shH. ,J kioapd; njhlHr;rpAk;> FspHr;rpAk; kpFe;j fhyk; vd;W jkpoz;zy; ciu vOjpAs;shH.

,f;$jpHfhyj;jpy; gwitfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; FspHr;rp kpFjpahy; nrayw;W ,Ue;jij ef;fPuH mofhfg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;baJ Nghy; vOjpAs;shH.

   “kh Nkay; kwg;g ke;jp $u

    gwit gbtd tPo> fwit

    fd;W Nfhs; xopaf; fba tPrp

    Fd;W FspHg;gd;d $jpHg;ghdhs;”                    (ne.th. thpfs;: 9-12)

tpyq;Ffs; Nka;r;ry; njhopiy kwe;jd. Fuq;Ffs; Fspuhy; cly; FWfpf; fple;jd. thilf; fhw;W tPrpajhy; kuq;fspypUe;Jg; gwitfs; fPNo tpOe;jd. ghy; Fbf;f te;j fd;Wfis cz;ztplhky; jha;g;gRf;fs; cijj;Jj; js;spd. kiyfNs Fspuhy; eLq;Fk; tz;zk; $jpHfhyk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,it midj;Jk; xNu ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfs; my;y. Mdhy; ,tw;iw xOq;fhff; NfhHitg;gLj;jp ef;fPuH ek; kdf;fz;Kd; nfhz;L tUfpwhH.

Rw;Wr;#oy; tUzid

kiof;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; nrb> nfhbfs;> kuq;fs; ed;F JspHj;J G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk;. vq;Fk; gRikg; gl;L tphpj;jpUf;Fk;. mtw;wpd; Nky; nga;j nky;ypa rhuy; kioj;Jspfs; fhw;wpy; fPNo rpe;jp tpOk;. nkd;ikahdf; nfhbia cila KRz;ilapd; ntz;zpwg; G+f;fSk;> nghd; Nghd;w gPHf;fk; G+f;fSk; G+j;Jf; fhzg;gl;ld.

“Gd;nfhb KRz;il vd;Dk; milnkhop kiygL flhkpYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. igq;fhy; nfhf;Fk; (gRik epwKila fhy;fs;) nrt;thp ehiuAk; (rpte;j fhy;fisAila ehiu) fhpa tz;lhy; kz;NzhL $ba NrW gbe;j <u epyj;jpy; epd;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jd” (fjpHKUF> gj;Jg;ghl;L> g. 313).

mfd;w tay;ntspfspy; ePH epuk;gpapUe;jjhy; ed;F tskhf tsHe;j new;gaphpypUe;J fjpHfs; ntspte;J ney; kzpfs; epiwe;J tise;jpUe;j new;gapHfis “tz;Njhl;L ney;” vd;Wk; milnkhopNahL Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

ghf;F kuq;fs; gUj;j mbapidf; nfhz;lit. mjd; fOj;Jg; gFjp ePy kzp Nghd;w epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;. cs;Ns njspe;j ePiu cila ghf;Ff; fha;fs;> cs;Ns ,Uf;Fk; Ez;zpa ePH tw;wpajhy; ,dpikAila goq;fshf KjpHe;J tpOk;.

kiy Nghd;w NfhGuk;

kd;duhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xt;nthU kd;dUk; jd;Dila epyg;gFjpiar; Rw;wp Nfhl;ilf; fl;bapUe;jdH. EioT thapYf;F nghpa NfhGuk; mikj;jpUe;jdH. mf;NfhGu thapy; fl;llq;fs; vy;thtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhf caukhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

   “xUq;F cld; tis, Xq;Fepiy tiug;gpd;

    gU ,Uk;G gpzpj;J nrt;tuf;F xhP,”                     (ne.th.thpfs;: 79> 80)

kjpypd; thapypy; mikf;fg;gl;l fjTfs; gUj;j ,Uk;Gfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;L> rhjpypq;f Fok;gpdhy; rptg;G tz;zk; G+rg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mf;fjTfs; jho;g;ghSld; rpf;nfd nghUe;Jk; tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. epiyf;F Nky; 27 el;rj;jpuq;fspy; xd;whd cj;juk; vd;Dk; el;rj;jpug; ngaiuf; nfhz;l gyifg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjpy; mofpa Ftis kyHfisj; jq;fs; Jjpf;ifapy; Ve;jpa ,U ahidfspd; cUtKk;> mtw;wpd; eLtpy; jpUkfspd; cUtKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

rpwe;j jr;rdhy; ,ilntsp ,y;yhky; gy kuq;fisr; NrHj;J kjpypd; thapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. thapypd; epiy nea; G+rg;gl;L> ntz; rpW fLF J}tg;gl;L moFilajhf tpsq;fpaJ. murdpd; ntw;wpf; nfhbiaf; nfhz;L tUk; ahidfs; tUtjw;F Vw;whH Nghy; kiyapd; eLNt thapy; cz;lhf;fpdijg; Nghy; caukhff; fhzg;gLk;. jkpoHfs; jq;fs; ghJfhg;Gf;fhff; fl;ba Nfhl;ilf; fjTfspy; $l jq;fs; fiyAzHit ntspg;gLj;jp ,Ue;jdH.

mofpa me;jg;Guk;

me;jg;Guk; vd;wTld; midtUk; epidg;gJ> murdpd; kidtpkhH(uhzp) ,Uf;Fk; ,lk;> mq;F moFk;> kfpo;r;rpAk; epuk;gp ,Uf;Fk; vd;W. Mdhy; ef;fPuH mjd; moif> gpw MltH mZf ,ayh ghJfhg;igf; $wpaJld;> ehl;il mLj;J Msf;$ba ,sturd; gpwg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhf tpsq;Fk; ,lkhjyhy; me;jg;Guj;ij ,iwtd; ciwAk; fUtiw vd;W Nghw;Wk; tpjk; tUzidapd; cr;rk; (ne.th.thpfs;: 108-114).

atdHfs; jq;fs; njhopy; jpwk; tpsq;Fk;gb mofhfr; nra;j ghitfs; ifapy; Ve;jpa tpsf;Ffspy; jphpfs; ,l;L nfhSj;jg;gLk;. ,jdhy; gfy;Nghy; vq;Fk; xsp epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.

tl;lf; fl;by;

goq;fhyj;jpy; kd;dHfs; gad;gLj;jpa xt;nthU nghUSk; fiyeak; kpFe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. nghWikahf> kpFe;j EZf;fkhf urpj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fisNag; gad;gLj;jpdH. murp gLf;Fk; fl;by; tl;l tbtpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. typik tha;e;j KuR Nghd;w fhy;fis cilaJk;> rpwe;j moFk;> Gs;spfisf; nfhz;l new;wpia cila ahidapd; je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mt;ahid tPuk; kpFe;jJk; ehw;gJ taJ epuk;gpaJ MFk;. Nghhpy; ,we;j ahidapd; jhNd tPo;e;j je;jq;fshy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd; ,ilNa $Hikahd cspahy; El;gkhf nghpa ,iy tbtk; nrJf;fg;gl;lJ.

fl;bypd; fhypy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Flk; fHg;gpzpg; ngz;fspd; ghy; Kw;wpa neQ;R Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;. Flj;jpw;Fk; fl;bYf;Fk; eLNt cs;s ,lk; cs;spapd; NtHg;gFjp Nghy ePz;L mofhff; fhzg;gl;lJ (ne.th.thpfs;: 124-131).

gQ;riz

fl;bypd; Nky; mike;j gLf;ifapy; gy; epwkhd kapHf;fw;iwfisg; gug;gp> rpq;fk; Kjypa tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLtJ Nghd;w fhl;rpfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l jfLfs; gjpf;fg;gl;ld. ehw;GwKk; Kj;Jf;fs; njhq;ftplg;gl;bUe;jJ.  Ky;iyg; G+f;fSk; Vida gy G+f;fSk; fl;bypd; Nky; epug;gg;gl;ld.

   “Ie;J tifg;glg; gLj;jyhy; caHe;j

    ePyg;gl;lhy; nra;j nky;ypa gLf;if”    – er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH

rpWG+is> nrk;gQ;R> ntz;gQ;R> Nrzk;> md;dj;jpd; J}tp Mfpa Ie;J nghUs;fSk; ,lg;gLtjhy; gLf;iff;Fg; gQ;riz vd;w ngaH te;jJ. Jiziag; GzHe;j md;dr; Nrtypd; J}a epwKila Ez;zpa Kbfs; gug;gg;gl;ld.  gLf;ifapy; md;dj;jpd; Kbiag; gug;GtJ Fwpj;jr; nra;jpfs; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ (=re;jpud;> Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; njhFjp – 13> g. 101 kw;Wk; rpyk;nghyp nry;yg;gd;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; ciuAk;> g. 212).

   “GzHr;rpahy; J}tpf;F nkd;ik gpwf;Fk;;@”              (rPtf rpe;jhkzp: 189)

   “jd; NrtNyhL GzHe;j md;dg; Ngil

    mg; GzHr;rpahs; cUfp> cjpHj;j tapw;wpd;

    kapH v/fpg; nga;j gy; tif miz kPNj”                (rpyg;gjpfhuk; -4:58)

khiyf;fhy tUzid

$jpHfhykhjyhy; ,uTk;> gfYk; mwpahJ ngz;fs; ,Ue;jdH.  ,tHfs; khiy kyUk; kyHfs; kyHe;J kzk; tPRtij itj;J nghOJ mwpe;jdH. ,Uk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l tpsf;fpy; nea; Cw;wp jPgk; Vw;wpdH. mt;tpsf;ifNa nja;tkhff; fUjp ney;Yk; kyUk; J}tp topgl;ldH. ,jidr; rpyg;gjpfhuKk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

   “mfd; efH vy;yhk; mUk;gtpo; Ky;iy

    epfH kyH ney;NyhL J}ca;g; gfy; kha;e;j khiy”                                (rpyg;gjpfhuk;:9-1)

ctikfs;

GytH jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpaf; fUj;ij ed;F tpsf;Ftjw;F nghUj;jKila NtnwhU fUj;Jld; xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ ctik vdg;gLk;. nghUis tpsf;Ftjw;F kl;Lkpd;wp ,yf;fpa moFf;fhfTk; ctikfs; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. ,it ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j mzpfyd;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ctikfs; gbg;Nghhpd; fw;gidf;F tpUe;jhf mikfpd;wd.

   “gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDk; vd;W ,tw;wpd;

    Xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUNshU nghUs; GzHe;J

    Xg;Gik Njhd;wr; rg;GtJ ctik”

vd;W jz;bayq;fhuk; ctikf;F ,yf;fzk; jUfpd;wJ. nghUj;jkpy;yhj ,uz;L nghUs;fis ctkpf;ff;$lhJ. nghUj;jkhd xd;NwhLjhd; xg;Gikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy; mwpahj xd;iwf; $Wk;NghJ ed;F mwpe;j xd;Wld; ,izj;Jf; $Wk; nghOJ ctikr; rpwf;Fk;. ,g;gb neLey;thilapy; 30f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mofpa ctikfs; cs;sd.

fTs;GilA+c eLq;f – NfhtyHfspd; gw;fs; Fspuhy; giwabg;gJ Nghy; mbj;Jf; nfhz;ld.

nghd; Nghy; gPuk; – gPHf;fk; G+f;fs; nghd; epwj;jpy; ,Ue;jd.

kzp cwo; vUj;J – ghf;F kuq;fspd; fOj;Jg;gFjp ePy kzp Nghd;W fhzg;gLk;.

tpy; fple;jd;d nfhb – kiyfisr; Rw;wp thdtpy; fplg;gJ Nghy muz;kidapy; gy epwf; nfhbfs; mire;Jj; njhq;Fk;.

ngz;fis tUzpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ctikfs;

ngz;fs; nghWik> md;G> fw;G> jha;ik> jpahfk; Kjypa Fzq;fisg; ngw;wtHfs;. Mjyhy; vg;nghOJk; mtHfs; moFlNdj; jpfo;tH. mtHfspd; xt;nthU mq;fq;fisAk; rpwe;j nghUl;fSld; xg;gpl;L ghLtJ ftpQHfspd; tof;fk;.

   Njhs;fs; –  nkj;njd;w %q;fpy; Nghd;w Njhs;fs;

   gy;     –   Kj;Jg; Nghd;w gw;fs;

   fz;    –   kio Nghd;w FspHe;j mofpa fz;fs;

   epwk;    –   khe;jspH Nghd;w epwk;

Gidah Xtpak;

murkhNjtp murd; NghUf;Fr; nrd;wjhy; fOj;jpy; kq;fy ehzhdj; jhypia kl;Lk; mzpe;jpUe;jhh;. new;wpg;gFjpapy; xg;gid nra;atpy;iy. $e;jy; nkd;ikahf twz;L fhzg;gl;lJ. xsp tPRk; kfuf; Fio mzpag;ngWk; fhjpy; ntWk; fk;ky; kl;Lk; mzpag; ngw;wpUe;jJ.  nghd; tisay; mzpAk; iffspy; rq;F tisay;fs; mzpe;J fhg;G ehz; fl;;bapUe;jhh;. gl;lhilj; jtpHj;J E}y; Mil mzpe;jpUe;jhH. ,j;Njhw;wj;ij ef;fPuH tz;zk; jPl;lg;glhj Xtpaj;Jld; “Gidah Xtpak;” vd;W tUzpf;fpwhH. jpUj;jf;fj; NjtUk; Kjd; Kjyhf mKj Rugpapy; czTg; ngWtjw;F Mjpiu tPl;bw;Fj; Jwtp Nfhyj;jpy; nrd;w kzpNkfiyiag; Gidah Xtpak; Nghy; epd;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH (Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhH> kzpNkfiy g. 189).

KbTiu

fiy fiyf;fhfth> tho;f;iff;fhfth vd ,U thjq;fs; cz;L. tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wk; E}y;fspy; mofpay; $Wfs; ,y;iynad;why; kf;fSf;F ntWg;Gj; jl;btpLk;. ehk; clYf;F ed;ikj; jUk; frg;G kUe;Jfisf; $l Njdpy; fye;J jhd; rhg;gpLNthk;. me;j tifapy; ghHj;NjhNkahdhy; neLey;thilapy; gbj;J> urpj;J ,d;Gwj; jf;f gy tUzidfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. rq;fj; jkpoHfs; tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU gFjpiaAk;> nghUs;fisAk; urpj;J tho;e;jdH vd;gjpy; rpwpJk; Iakpy;iy. ,j;jifa fiyAzHNthL tho;e;Njhkhdhy; Nfhgk;> ntWg;G> gif Nghd;w Fzq;fs; ,y;yhky; vq;Fk; mikjpAk;> moFk; jiof;Fk;.

ghHit E}y;fs;

Nriy rfNjt KjypahH fofj;jkpo;f; ifafuhjp> njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j E}w; gjpg;G fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp> jkpo;ehL> 1997> g. 313.

fjpHKUF> gj;Jg;ghl;L> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> jp efH> nrd;id> 2011> g. 313.

=re;jpud;> Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; njhFjp – 13> Ky;iy epiyak;> nrd;id> jkpo;ehL> 2000> g. 101.

rpyk;nghyp nry;yg;gd;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; ciuAk;> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> ghupKid> nrd;id> jkpo;ehL> 1994> g. 212> 246>

e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhH> kzpNkfiy> njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j E}w; gjpg;G fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp> jkpo;ehL> 1990> g. 189.

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