jkpou;fspd; ngUikf;Fupa E}y;fSs; xd;whfr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy; xd;whf ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fij tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Ma;tlq;fy; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; msTf;F ,f;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;j fl;LiufSk; E}y;fSk; njhlu;r;rpahfntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. rpyg;gjpfhuk; njhd;ikf;Fj; njhd;ikaha; njhlu;r;rpf;Fj; njhlu;r;rpaha; vd;nwd;Wk; Ma;thsu; fSf;Fg; Gjpadtha; Njhw;wkspj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk; gw;wpa Ma;tpid xU fhy vy;iyNahL Kbj;J tpl KbahJ vd;nwd;Wk; Muhaj; jf;fjhfNt njhlu;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gpnuQ;R jj;Jtthjp Ngfu; nrhd;dJ Nghy ,yf;fpak; r%f tag;gLk; NghJ mJ fhyj;jpd; fz;zhbahfp r%f tuyhw;Wf;F MjhukhfpwJ. ,yf;fpak; jdpkdpjuhy; gilf;fg;gl;lhYk; r%fj;jpd; $l;L kd ntspg;ghlhfNt mJ miktjhy; gilf;fg;gl;lg; gpd;du; mJ jdp kdpjidj; jhz;b r%fj;jpw;fhdjhf khwptpLfpwJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; r%fg; gpd;Gyj;ijAk; gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;Gyj;ijAk; ClWj;J mjid xU fUj;J fl;likg;ghf ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baij ,yf;fpa khdpltpay; typAWj;JfpwJ. goikr; r%fq;fspd; r%f mikg;igAk; gz;ghl;L KiwiaAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F khdpltpay; mZFKiwNa rpwe;jjhFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk; jkpopy; Kjy; fhg;gpak;> neQ;irs;Sk; fhg;gpak; vd;gd Nghd;w gy jj;Jtq;fisj; jhz;b ,dtutpay; Nehf;fpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,g;gDtYf;F NkYk; xU jdpr;rpwg;G cz;L. ,J jkpou;fspd; njhy;Fb Kjy; Kd;Ndwpa tzpfr; r%fk; tiuapyhd gd;Kfgl;l gz;ghl;L Kiwfs;> tho;tpay; newpfs;> muR Kiw> ngz;fspd; rKjha epiy> tuyhW vd ,d;Dk; gy tpupe;Jgl;l tho;tpay; Kiwfis vy;yhk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; Clhf tz;zidg; gLj;JfpwJ. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpd; r%f gz;ghl;L Kiwfis vy;yhk; tpsf;ff;$ba gd;Kfg; gDtyhf rpyg;gjpfhuk; mikfpwJ. ,f;fl;LiuAk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij khdpltpay; Nehf;fpy; mZFtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghff; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp njhd;kf;fijfisj; jkpofj;jpy; thOk; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;b> nrl;bahu;> thzpad; rhjpapdupd; rhjpj; Njhw;wj; njhd;kf; fijfSld; nghUj;jpg; ghu;j;J ,f;FOtpdu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd r%fj; jFjpia Fbtopapy; milahsg;gLj;Jtij ,f;fl;Liu Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

rhjpj; Njhw;wf; fijfs;

jkpofj;jpy; Nkw;Fwpj;j %d;W gpuptpdu;fspd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;j fijfs; tha;nkhop kugpYk; vOj;J kugpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; gy tbtq;fSk; jpupG tbtq;fSk; mlq;Fk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuf; fij

Nfhtyd; fz;zfp Kw;gpwtp tuyhw;iwf; fztid ,oe;J JaUw;w fz;zfpf;F kJuhgjp nja;tk; $Wk; $w;whf rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

“fbnghopy; cLj;j fypq;f ey; ehl;L

tbNty; jlf;if tRTk; FkuDk;

…………………………………. –…………

………………………………………………………..

nte;jpwy; Nte;ju;f;Ff; Nfhj;njhopy; nra;Nthd;

gujd; vd;Dk; ngaud;mf;Nfhtyd;

tpujk; ePq;fpa ntWg;gpdd;”            Mjypd; (rpyk;G> 2.23.140-170).

vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjhf ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.

itrpa Guhzf; fij

khrhj;Jthdpd; Fytopapy; Njhd;wpa kzpaurDf;Fg; gpwe;j %d;W Mz; kf;fspy; %j;jtd; jhdk; nra;J nry;tj;ij ,oe;jjhy; vz;iz thzpgk; nra;J te;jhd;. mtd; jpdKk; tpahghuk; nra;j gpd; kpQ;Rk; vz;nziaf; nfhz;L eugyp Nfl;ljhy; ghz;badhy; G+l;b itf;fg; ngw;w fhsp Nfhtpypy; G+ir nra;J te;jhd;. ,jdhy; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;l mtd; fhspapd; tuk; ngw;W> kWgpwtpapy; NfhtydhfTk; fhsp fz;zfpahfTk; gpwe;J ghz;baidg; gop thq;fpdu; (uFehjd;> 1984:159-165).

Nfhtyd; fij

fhtpupg;gk;gl;bdj;jpy; khNrhl;lhd; nrl;b kheha;f;fd; nrl;bapd; top te;j Kj;Jr;nrl;b vd;gtd; Foe;ijg; Ngw;wpw;fhf jhd ju;kk; nra;jikahy; mtdJ ee;jtdj;jpy; fhkNjD fd;NwhL te;J nrd;wJ. ee;jtdj;ij khL mopg;gjhf vz;zpa Kj;Jr;nrl;b fy;yhy; mbf;f fd;W nrj;Jg; Nghdjhy; Foe;ij tuk; ngw;whYk; mJ gjpdhwhtJ tajpy; ,wf;f NeupLk; vd;Dk; rhgj;ij ngw;whd;.

,jidg; Nghd;W kzpaurdpd; ,uz;lhtJ kfd; gps;is ,y;yhjjhy; Nfhgj;jpy; ghz;badhy; %lg;gl;l fhspf; Nfhtpypy; vz;iz tpahghuk; nropg;gjw;fhfg; G+ir nra;jhd;. vdNt ghz;badhy; mtd; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhy; mtdJ kidtpAk; capu;j;Jwf;f ghz;baidg; gopthq;Ftjhf fhspahy; tuk; ngw;whs;. ,jid fz;Zw;w nrhf;fu; >thzpgd;> mtd; kidtp> fhsp MfpNahupd; capu;fisj; jq;fr;rpkpopy; milj;J ghJfhj;jhu;. Kj;Jr; nrl;bf;F vz;nza; thzpgd; NfhtydhfTk; ghz;ba kd;dDf;F fhsp fz;zfpahfTk; tre;j khiyf;F vz;iz thzpgd; kidtp khjtpahfTk; nrhf;fehjuhy; kW gpwg;G mspf;fg;ngw;wdu;.

fz;zfpapd; gpwg;ghy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk; mopit N[hjplu;fshy; czu;e;j ghz;ba kd;dd; mtisj; jz;zPupy; tpl kheha;f;fd; nrl;bahy; vLj;J tsu;f;fg; ngw;whs;. gpd;du; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp jpUkzk; ele;NjwpaJ. khjtpapd; Mlypy; kaq;fpa Nfhtyd; mtNshL rpwpJ fhyk; tho;e;J nghUs; ,oe;J kPz;Lk; fz;zfpiar; Nru;e;J fhw; rpyk;NghL kJiu nry;Yk; NghJ nghw;nfhy;ydhy; fs;td; vdg; gop Rkj;jg; ngw;Wf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd; (GfNoe;jp Gytu;>1973:3- 6).

Nkw;Rl;lg; ngw;Ws;s mr;rpy; ntspte;Js;s Nfhtyd; fz;zfp fijfisj; jtpu tha;nkhop kugpYk; mtu;fsJ Kw;gpwtpf; fij jkpo;ehl;bYk; Nfusj;jpYk; gythwhf toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijapd; gy;NtW tbtq;fis Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jpa g;nuz;lh ngf; vd;gtu; Nfhtydpd; Kw;gpwtp Fwpj;J nra;jpfs; itrpa Guhzj;jpYk; GfNoe;jp Gytupd; Nfhtyd; fijapYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W tha;nkhop kugpYk; nrhy;yg;gLtjhf $Wfpwhu; (1972:23-38).

Nkw;Rl;lg;gl;Ls;s fijfs; midj;Jk; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fisr; Nru;e;jitahf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; vy;yhf; fijfspYk; NfhtyDk; fz;zfpANk ,d;wpaikahj fij khe;ju;fshf Kd;itf;fg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. Nfhtyd; fz;zfp Kw;gpwg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfspYk; Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;l epfo;TfSk; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wNj jtpu ngUk;ghd;ikahd fijfs; xNu khjpupahd nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf Kw;gpwtpiag; gw;wp NgRk; NghNj rpy tbtq;fspy; Ngustpyhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kWgpwtp gw;wpa epfo;Tfs; mjhtJ Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapDila tho;f;if epfo;Tfs; ngUk;ghYk; vy;yhf; fijfspYk; khw;wk; ,y;yhky; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Fwpj;jf; fUj;Jf;fis Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ve;j xU fijAk; nrl;bahu;fspd; Njhw;wj;ijf; Fwpj;Jg; NgRtjhfj; njupatpy;iy. vy;yhf; fijfSk; VNjDk; xU ngU tzpfdpd; khr;Nrhl;lhd; nrl;b> kheha;f;fd; nrl;b> Kj;Jr; nrl;b> kzpaurd; Fytopj; Njhd;wy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mikfpd;wd. ,f;FytopapNyNa NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; ,izf;fg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. fijfs; Fwpg;gpLk; Fytopapdu; ,Utifahdj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L ,Ue;jikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mit xd;W nghd;> Kj;J> thzpgk; kw;nwhd;W vz;nza; thzpgk; MFk;.

Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; %jhijau;fshf khr; Nrhl;lhd;nrl;b> Kj;Jr; nrl;b> kzpaurd; Mfpa ehy;tiuf; fijfs; milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;ehy;tUk; nghd;> Kj;J> thzpgk; nra;jtu;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;ehy; tiuAk; Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; Kw;gpwtpiaf; Fwpj;Jg; NgRk;NghJ kl;LNk fijfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahu;fSk;> nrl;bahu;fSk; jq;fsJ rhjpj; Njhw;wj;ijg; gw;wp NgRk;NghJ Nkw;Fwpj;j ehy;tupd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vdj; jq;fis milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; jq;fis Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJk; khr; Nrhl;lhd; nrl;b> kheha;f;fd; nrl;b Nghd;w %jhijaUf;F mOj;jk; jUtijf; fhz KbfpwJ. ,tu;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp khr;Nrhl;lhd; nrl;b> kheha;fd; nrl;bapd; FLk;g thupRfNs jtpu NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; kl;LNk nrl;bahu;fis milahsg;gLj;Jk; %jhijau;fs; my;y vdf; fUJtjhfj; njupfpwJ. vdNtjhd; ,tu;fs; Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwtpapy; vz;iz thzpgk; nra;jijf; fzf;fpy; nfhs;shky; kWgpwtpapy; mtd; nghd;> Kj;J thzpgk; nra;jijj; jq;fSf;F rhu;ghf Kd;epWj;Jfpd;wdu;.

Nfhtyd; vz;iz thzpgk; nra;jik gw;wp NgRk;NghJ mtdJ %jhijau;fs; nghd;> Kj;J> thzpgk; nra;jtu;fs;jhd; vd;gjw;F mOj;jk; jUfpd;wdu;. RUq;ff; $wpd; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il nrl;bfSk;> nrl;bahu;fSk; itrpa Guhzk;> GfNoe;jpg; Gytupd; Nfhtyd; fij> gpuz;lh ngf; Fwpg;gpLk; Nfhtydhu; fij Mfpa %d;W tbtq;fSk; Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwtpapy; vz;iz Rke;J thzpgk; nra;jhd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtij xj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gij fs Ma;tpd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; nrl;bahu;fSk; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahu;fSk; nghd;> Kj;J> thzpgk; nra;Ak; Fy topj; Njhd;wy;fshfj; jq;fis milahsg; gLj;Jfpd;wdu; vdj; njspayhk;.

Kd;du; Rl;ba %d;W fij tbtq;fSk; Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwtpapy; vz;nza; thzpgk; nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLtij thzpau;fs; jq;fsJ Fy kuGf;F Mjhukhfr; Rl;Lfpd;wdu;. Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lgbNa nrl;bahu;fSs; nghUshjhu epiyapy; eypTw;wtu;fs; vz;nza; thzpgj;jpy; <LgLgtu; vdf; nfhs;tjhapd; thzpau;fs; nrl;bahu;fis tpl r%f kjpg;gpy; jho;e;jtu;fs; vd kjpf;fg;gLtjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,aq;Fk; ju;f;fk; Vw;Gilajhf mikfpwJ

mf;fhyj;jpy; fy;nrf;Fj; njhopy; nra;gtu;fSf;F ,Ue;j r%f kjpg;G Fwpj;J njh. gukrptd; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLifapy; “gf;jp ,af;ff; fhyj;jpy; rhjpag; gbepiyfs; tFf;fg;gl;l NghJ nrf;fpidj; njhopw;fUtpahf nfhz;L vz;iz vLf;Fk; rhjpapdu; fPo; rhjpapduhff; fUjg;gl;ldu; .vz;iz mkq;fyg; nghUshff; fUjg;gl;lJ. vz;nza; tpw;Nghu; vjpupy; tUtJ ey;y rFdkpy;iy vdTk; fUjg;gl;lJ” (1997:34).

,f;fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ thzpau;fs; vz;izj; njhopy; nra;gtu;fs; vd;gjhy; nghd;> Kj;J thzpgk; nra;J te;j ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahu;fSk;> nrl;bahu;fSk; ,tu;fisj; jq;fSf;F rkj; jFjp cilatu;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy vdyhk;. ,jd; ntspg;ghL %d;W gpuptpdUk; jq;fs; Kw;gpwtp fijfspy; ntt;NtW Fb topfis milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzkhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;. vz;iz thzpgk; nghd; >Kj;J Nghd;W ngUk; tzpfg; nghUs; md;W. ngUk;ghYk; mJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ,lj;Jf;F mUfpNyNa tpw;fg;gLk; nghUshf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;. ehk; Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W fijfSNk Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwtpapy; vz;iz Rke;J tpw;whd; vd;w nra;jpiaAk; Nkw;Fwpj;j fUj;NjhL xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fyhk; .tPl;Lg; gad;ghl;L nghUshf vz;nza; mike;jpUe;jjhy; FbapUg;Gfs; NjhWk; my;yJ gy FbapUg;GfSf;F mUNf vz;izj; njhopy; nra;Ak; rhjpapdu; Fbaku;e;jdu;.  ,tu;fspd; njhopy; fUtpfs; mjhtJ fy; nrf;Ffs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ehd;F Ie;J vd Xu; ,lj;jpy; Nru;e;Nj fhzg;gl;ld. ,it midj;Jk; tzpf tbfhy;fshf ,Ue;jd vd;W njh. gukrptd; Neu;fhzypy; gjpT nra;jhu;.

“Nrho ghz;ba Nguuru;fs; fhyj;jpy; vz;nza; cw;gj;jp murhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fy;ypdhy; Md kpf gioa nrf; Ffs; vOj;Jf;fNshL fpilj;Js;sd. ju;kGup khtl;l fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; ,iwakd; ,l;l nrf;F vd;w njhlu; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kJiu khtl;lk; fUq;fhyf;Fbapy; ];uP tOjp tsehl;LkpoY}u; mg;gDOQ;Rugp ehl;L ney;NtShu;g; nghw;nfhb tPuu; Nguhy; ,l;lr;nrf;F vd;w fw;nghwpg;Gld; $ba xU nrf;F> fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L ,g;nghOJ kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fu; kfhypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpypUe;J murpay; mjpfhupfNs fy; nrf;F mikf;Fk; cupik ngw;wpUe;jdu; vdj; njupfpwJ. vspa Fbfs; jk; Njitf;F kur;nrf;Ffis gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrf;fpd; kPJ ,lg;gl;l tup nrf;fpiu vd;Wk; nrf;fhug; gl;lk; vd;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gyKiw Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ vd;ghu; njh. gukrptd; (1997:34-35).

gukrptd; jUk; Fwpg;Gfs; fy; nrf;Fj; njhopy; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. vz;izj; njhopy; nra;gtu;fspd; r%fj; jFjp gf;jp ,af;f fhyfl;lj;jpw;F gpd;du; jho;thdjhf kjpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ .gf;jp ,af;f fhyj;jpy; rhjpag; gbepiyfs; fLikahf tFf;fg;gl;l NghJ nrf;fpidj; njhopw;fUtpahff; nfhz;L vz;iz vLf;Fk; rhjpapdu; fPo; rhjpapduhff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,tu;fis rf;fu ghbahu;> rq;fughbahu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. fpgp 12-Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j jhuhRuk; Nfhapy; rpw;g tupirapy; fypa ehadhu; nrf;fhl;Lk; rpw;gk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; vz;iz mkq;fyg; nghUshff; fUjg;gl;lJ. vz;iz tpw;Nghu; vjpupy; tUtJ ey;y rFdk; ,y;iy vdTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; vz;nza; tpw;Fk; rhjpahu; nrl;bahu; vd;w rhjpg; ngaiu ,l;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F nrf;fhu; vd;Wk; ngau; cz;L (1997:34).

vz;iz mkq;fyg; nghUshff; fUjg;gl;likahy; mjid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; rhjpapdUk; r%fj; jFjpapy; Fiwthff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. ,r;nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ thzpau;fs; vz;izj; njhopy; nra;gtu;fs; vd;gjhy; nghd; >Kj;J thzpgk; nra;J te;j ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr;nrl;bfSk;> nrl;bahu;fSk; ,tu;fisj; jq;fSf;F rkj; jFjp cilatu;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vdyhk;. ,jd; ntspg;ghNl ,k;%d;W gpuptpdUk; jq;fs; rhjpj; Njhw;wf; fijfspy; ntt;NtW Fbtopfis milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzkhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.

KbTiu

,f;fl;Liu ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahu;> nrl;bahu;> thzpad; Fwpj;j Njhw;wf; fijfis Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp cs;sJ. Nkw; nrhd;d ,k;%d;W cl;rhjpf; FOf;fSk; ntt;NtW rhjpg; Guhzq;fisAk; Fbngau;r;rpf; fijfisAk; tof;fpy; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,tu;fs; jq;fisf; Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW jq;fis milahsg;gLj;Jtjpy; mtu;fSf;Fs; Kuz;ghLfs; cs;sd vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;lg;ngw;wJ. rhd;whf ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bfs; jhq;fs; kl;LNk Nfhtyd; fz;zfp topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd;Wk; Vidatu;fs; mt;thW ,y;iy vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fisg; Nghd;W nrl;bahu;fs; jhq;fSk; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bfSk; kl;LNk Nfhtyd; fz;zfp top te;jtu;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. kw;nwhU gpupthfpa thzpad; vd;Dk; cl;rhjpapdu; jhq;fSk; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp top te;jtu;fs; jhd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. vdpDk; ,tu;fs; xUtiu xUtu; jq;fisr; rkkhdtu;fshf xj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gij mwpa Kbe;jJ. ,k;%d;W cl;rhjpfSk; jkpofj;jpy; xNu khjpupahd r%fj; jFjp cilatu;fshf fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gijAk; mwpa Kbe;jJ. vdNt ,j;jfty;fs; rhjpj; Njhw;wf; fijfisf; nfhz;L Muhag;ngw;wd. mjhtJ rhjpj; Njhw;wf; fijfs; Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; %jhijau;fshf Kw;gpwtpapy; khr;Nrhl;lhd;> kheha;f;fd;> Kj;Jr; nrl;b> kzpaurd; Mfpa ehy;tiur; Rl;bf;fhl;baij mwpa Kbe;jJ. ,jpy; nrl;bahu;fSk; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bAk; Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwtpapy; vz;iz thzpgk; nra;jijf; fzf;fpy; nfhs;shky; kWgpwtpapy; mtd; nghd;> Kj;J thzpgk; nra;jijj; jq;fSf;F rhu;ghf Kd;dpWj;Jfpwhu;fs;. Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwtpapy; vz;iz Rke;J tpw;wjhff; $wg;gLtij jq;fs; Fy kuGf;F Mjhukhfr; Rl;Lfpd;wdu;. nghUshjhuj;jpy; eypTw;w nrl;bahu;fNs vz;iz thzpgj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhff; fijfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;j NtWghLfNs  ,tu;fSf;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; r%f kjpg;G NtWghLfSf;F mbg;gil vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu %yk; czu Kbe;jJ. ,tu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; rhjpj; Njhw;wf; fijfs; rhjpapd; Njhw;wj;ijg; gw;wp Ngrhky; mtu;fsJ r%f kjpg;ig Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpd;wd. vdNt ,f;fijfis rhjpj; Njhw;wf; fijfs; vd;W fUJtNjhL r%fj; jFjpia ntspg;gLj;Jk; fijfs; vd;Wk; milahsg; gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

ghHit E}y;fs;

,uhkehjd;> m. (njh.M.)> ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efuj;jhu; tuyhW> fku;rpay; gpupz;bq; md;gg;sprpq; `T];> nrd;id> jkpo;ehL> 1953.

rpd;idar; nrl;bahu;> (g.M.)> jd itrpauhfpa ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efuj;jhu; rupj;jpuk;> fhrp tp];tehjd; ntspaPL> jQ;ir> jkpo;ehL> 1941.

ePyfz;l gps;is> jh.> Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bahu; tuyhWk; tho;tpaYk;> kfspu; mr;rfk;> ehfu;Nfhtpy;> jkpo;ehL> 1989.

gukrptd;> njh.> mwpag;glhj jkpofk;> n[ah gjpg;gfk;> ghisaq;Nfhl;il> jpUney;Ntyp> jkpo;ehL> 1997.

uFehjd;> njh.K.rp.> ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ahu;?> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;> kJiu> jkpo;ehL> 1984.

n[d;]p]; Fkhu;> kp.> fpwpj;jt thzpa rKjhaj;jpdupd; ,dtiutpay;> (fPo Mrhupg;gs;sk; – Fkup khtl;lk;) mr;rplg;glhj vk;.gpy; gl;l Ma;NtL. kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp> jkpo;ehL> 2000.

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