jkpofj;jpy; ngU tof;fpy; ,y;yhj jpUkz Kiwfspy; rpw;W}u; mfkz (Village  Endogamy) Kiw kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;W. jkpofj;jpy; ,k;kzKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; FOtpduhfj; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; ];uPitFz;lj;jpy; tho;e;j Nfhl;ilg; gps;iskhu; kw;Wk; nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s kPdhl;rpGuk; gFjpiar; rhu;e;j ,];yhkpa kf;fs; $l;lKk; mwpag;gLfpd;wdu;. Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; tho;e;J tUk; nrl;bahu;fsplk; ,t;tof;fk; ePz;l fhykhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUtJ fz;lwpag;ngw;W ,t;tof;fk; mtu;fsplk; vt;thW Njhd;wp epiy ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu Muha Kw;gLfpwJ.

Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; nrl;b vd miof;fg;gLk; rhjpapdu; ,uzpay;> fzgjpGuk;> gj;kehgGuk;> gwf;if> kplhyk;> Fsr;ry; >jpUtpjhq;NfhL> Nfhl;lhW Mfpa Cu;fspy; tho;fpd;wdu;.

nrl;bahu;fspd; tuyhWk; njhd;kKk;

nrl;bahu;fspd; tuyhW fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ .nrl;bahu;fspd; guk;giuj; njhopy; thzpgk; MFk;. ,jidr; rpyg;gjpfhuKk; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; nrl;bahu; gpuptpidr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;gJ tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ (uFehjd; 1984 : 342).

fz;zfpapd; je;ijAk; Nfhtydpd; je;ijAk; thzpgk; nra;J te;jdu; vd;gJk;> mtu;fs; murDf;F xj;j epiyapy; nry;tr; nropg;NghL tho;e;J te;jdu; vd;gJk; rpyg;gjpfhur; nra;jpfs; MFk;.,t;thW cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;j ,tu;fs; gy;Ntwhd murpay; R+o;epiyfspdhy; jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW Cu;fSf;Fk; Fbngau Neupl;lJ. mt;thW Fb ngau;e;J te;jtu;fNs Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; nrl;brhjpapdu;.

Gfhu; efupy; nry;tKk; nropg;Gk; rPUk; rpwg;Gk; ngw;W tho;e;J te;j ngUq;Fb tzpf kf;fs; Gfhu; efiu tpl;Lf; Fb ngau;e;jjw;fhd fhuzk; Fwpj;J efuj;jhu; tuyhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. “xU ehs; Nrho kd;dd; gy;yf;fpy; nry;Yk; NghJ jd tzpfu; Fyr;rpWkpau; Fby; mikj;J tpisahbf; nfhz;bUf;f mtu;fspd; tdg;Gkpf;f Ie;J taJ rpWkp Nky; MirAw;W mtis kd;dd; rpiw vLj;Jr; nrd;W tpl;lhd;. nrl;bahu;fs; muz;kid nrd;W ngz;iz tpLk;gbf; Nfl;ldu;. kd;dNdh rpiw vLj;J te;j ,e;jg; ngz;iz ehd; tpl;L tpl;lhy; ePq;fs; ,tis cq;fs; Fy tof;fg;gb rpur;Nrjk; nra;J tpLtPu;fs;. mt;thW ePq;fs; nra;tPu;fshdhy; cq;fspy; gyu; jiyfisAk; vz;zhapuk; nghd; jz;lKk; thq;FNtd; vd;W mr;RWj;jp me;jg; ngz;iz mDg;gp itj;jhd;.          

tzpfu;fNsh mf;fhyj;jpa jkJ Fy tof;fg;gb me;jg; ngz;izf; nfhd;Wtpl;L tPL te;J Nru;e;jdu;. gpd;du; murd; Mizg;gb VO gpuptpdUk; VO jiyfisf; nfhLf;fTk; vz;zhapuk; nghd; jz;lk; nfhLf;fTk; jPu;khdpj;J murdplk; nrd;wdu;. mtu;fsJ JzpitAk; Fyr; nrUf;ifAk; fz;L tpae;J mtu;fis NtW tifapy; gopthq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjp mtu;fis kd;dpj;J mDg;gp tpl;lhd;. gpd;du; mtd; mtu;fisg; gy NrhjidfSf;Fk; nfhLikfSf;Fk; Mshf;fpdhd;. ,Wjpapy; Nrho kd;dd; tzpfu; Fyg; ngz;fis vy;yhk; rpiwapl R+o;r;rp nra;jpUe;jij mwpe;J vz;zhapuk; FLk;gj;jpdUk; jw;nfhiy Gupe;J nfhz;ldu;. mt;thW jd tzpfu; FLk;gj;jpdu; midtUk; jw;nfhiy Gupe;J nfhz;L xUq;Nf ,we;j gpd;du; gs;spf;$lj;Jf;Fr; nrd;wpUe;j Mz; gps;isfs; kl;Lk; capu; jg;gpg; gpioj;J cghj;jpahaiuAk; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F te;J tpl;lhu;fs;. (NkyJ : 10 – 14) .mt;thW jg;gpg; gpioj;jtu;fs; Ntshsg; ngz;fis kze;J nfhz;L Fyk; jiof;f itj;jdu;. ju;];ld;> ney;rd; Kjypa fhydpa ,dtiutpayhsu;fs; Nrho kd;dNd ,g;gps;isfisAk; Njr gpu;lk; nra;J tpul;b Xl;b ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; mgpg;gpuhag;gLfpd;wdu; (NkyJ : 14). ghz;b ehl;Lf;F fypAfk; 4389 Mk; Mz;by; mjhtJ fpgp 1288 Mk; tUlj;jpy; ele;j fyfj;jpy; mupA+u;g; gl;bzk; vLgl;Lg; Nghdjpdhy; me;j Cupy; ,Ue;j Nkyj;njUthuhfpa mWgj;jp ehd;F itrpau;fs; jpirjg;gp kiyahsk; Ngha;r; Nru;e;J Nfhl;lhw;wq;fiuapy;  FbapUg;G epiyik ngw;W ,Ue;J tUtjhff; $WfpwJ (NkyJ : 359-60).

nrl;bahu;fspd; Fbg;ngau;r;rp Fwpj;J R+upa ehuhazd; kw;nwhU jftiyj; jUfpd;whu;. “fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdr; nrl;bkhu;fs; fpwpj;jt tUlk; 1465-,y; fhNtup efiu tpl;Lr; rpj;jpiu G+uzr; re;jpukjpapy; Mapuj;J IE}W jiyf;fl;LfSld; fhl;bw;Fs; tUk;NghJ fs;su; gaj;jhNy jq;fs; eiffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fow;wp Gspaq;nfhl;ilf;Fs; itj;Jf; fl;bdhu;fs; xU rhuhu;. mtu;fs; vy;NyhUk; Gspaq;nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahdhu;fs;. mtu;fs; jq;fpa ,lk; Vuy;. gps;isahu; (jhyp) jtpu rpwF cs;gl kw;w eiffs; vy;yhk; fow;wpdhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; rpwF fise;jhd;  nrl;b vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; ,uzpaypy; nrd;W FbNawpdhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; jk;KlNd Ik;nghd; Nyhfg; gps;isahu; rpiyiaf; nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; Mw;wpy; ,wq;Fk;NghJ Fg;igf;fhfr; Nriyia kbj;Jr; nrUfpdu; xU rhuhu;. ,tu;fs; vy;NyhUk; Fg;igf; Fwpr; nrl;b vd;Dk; ngaUld; ty;yehl;by; FbNawpdhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; jk;KlNd nts;isg; gps;isahiuf; nfhz;L te;jdu;. kw;nwhU gpuptpdu; jhyp ePf;fpg; gPyptiu jhd; fow;wpdhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; fise;jhd; nrl;b vd;w ngaNuhL Nfhl;lhw;wpy; FbNawpdhu;fs;. (fise;jhd; nrl;b vd;gJ kUtp fhu;j;jhd; nrl;b vd;w ngau; ,d;Wk; tof;fpy; cs;sJ) “ePyfz;ld; 1989 : 12-13).

,g;Gyg; ngau;tpy; mWgj;J ehd;F Ngu; kl;Lk; jpir jg;gp Nfhl;lhw;wpDs; te;J jq;fpajhf efuj;jhu; tuyhW Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. R+upa ehuhazd; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fb ngau;e;J te;j nrl;b rhjpapdu; fs;su; gaj;jpdhy; eiffis kiwj;J itj;jjd; mbg;gilapy; mtu;fSf;Fs; Vw;gl;l cl;FO Kiwfisg; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhu;. vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk; ,uz;L nra;jpfSNk fhtpupg;Gk;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fb ngau;e;J te;jtu;fNs Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; tho;e;J tUk; nrl;b rhjpapdu; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fsplk; fpilj;j juTfSk; ,tw;wpw;Fj; Jiz Nru;g;gdthf mike;Js;sd.

Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; nrl;bahu;fs;

fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpypUe;J Fb ngau;e;J jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; nrd;W jq;fpa nrl;bahu;fspy; mWgj;jp ehd;F Ngu; jpirj;jg;gp Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Nfhl;lhw;wpy; nrd;W jq;fpdu; vd;gij mwpe;Njhk;. ,tu;fis mLj;J NkYk; rpyu; Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; xLg;giw vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYk; nrd;W jq;fp cs;sdu;. ,t;tplk; ,g;Nghija ,uzpay; vd;Dk; Cupd; mUfhikapy; cs;sJ. ,tu;fs; Fkup khtl;lj;jpy;  Kjd; Kjypy; jq;fpa ,lk; xLg;giw vd;gjhy; mij epidT $Wk; tifapy; ,d;Wk; ,t;tpdj;jtu;fs; xLg;giwapy; cs;s ehfuk;kDf;F topghL nra;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW xLg;giwapy; te;J jq;fpa nrl;bahu;fs; gpd;dhspy; jq;fs; Fynja;tkhd rpq;f tpehafiuAk; efuk;kidAk; cld; nfhz;L mUfpy; cs;s ,uzpay; vd;Dk; Cupy; FbNawpdu;. nrl;bahu;fs; Fkup khtl;lj;jpw;Fs; te;J jq;fpa NghJ Fkup khtl;lk; jpUtpjhq;$u; rk];jhdj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. Kjd; Kjypy; nrl;bahu;fs; xLg;giwapy; te;J jq;fpa ehs; rpj;jpiuj; jpq;fs; Mapy;a el;rj;jpuk; nfhz;l Qhapw;Wf;fpoik MFk; vdNt me;ehl;fis epidT $Wk; tifapy; ,d;W tiu topghL rpj;jpiu khjKk; Qhapw;Wf;fpoikAk; Mapy;a el;rj;jpuKk; $Lfpd;w Gz;zpa jpdq;fspy; kl;LNk elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j %d;Wk; Nru;e;J tUk; ehspy; Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu;fs; midtUk; xLg;giwapy; $b ehfuk;kDf;F topghL nra;J tzq;Ftu;. ,g;NghJ topghl;by; Nfhl;lhW nrl;bahu;fSk; fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; ,U ngUk; $l;lq;fshf tho;e;J te;j nrl;bahu;fspy; ,uzpaypy; nrd;W jq;fpNahu; gpd;dhspy; kPz;Lk; mq;fpUe;J rpW rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J vudPY (,uzpay;)> gstil (fzgjpGuk;)> gg;gdhGuk; (gj;kehgGuk;)> gwf;if> kplhyhk;> nfsr;ir (Fsr;ry;)> jpUthq;NfhL (jpUtpjhq;NfhL) >Mfpa VO Cu;fspy; nrd;W jq;fpdhu;. ,t;thW VO Cu;fspy; nrd;W jq;fpaikahy; V*u;r; nrl;b vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fb ngau;e;J Fkup khtl;lj;jpw;Fs; te;J jq;fpa fhyk; fpgp 13> 14 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfs; MFk;.

nrl;bahu;fSk;-kzTwTf; FOf;fSk;

nrl;b rhjpg; ngz;iz kd;dd; jpUkzk; nra;a tpUk;gpajhy; ,tu;fs; jq;fs; Fyg; ngz;fis vy;yhk; nfhd;Wtpl;L jhq;fSk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldu;. ,jpy; gs;spf;$lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w Mz; gps;isfs; kl;Lk; capu; jg;gpg; gpioj;J cghj;jpahaiu mioj;Jf; nfhz;L ghz;b ehl;Lf;F te;jdu;. ,tu;fNs Ntshsg; ngz;fis kze;J nfhz;L Fyk; jiof;f itj;jdu; vd;gJ Kd;du; Fwpg;gplg;ngw;wJ. ,r;nra;jpapid ep.%uhTk; Rl;bf; fl;Ltjhf gf;jtj;ry ghujp (2002) Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. efuj;jhu;fs; 7> 8 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; fhQ;rpGuk; tzpfu;fshf tho;e;jdu; mg;Nghija kd;ddpd; nfhLikia (ngz; Nfl;ljhy;) vjpu;nfhs;s Kbahky; 8000 FLk;gj;jhu; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldu;. 1502 ,isQu;fs; kl;Lk; jg;gpg; gpioj;jdu; .,tu;fs; Ntshsg; ngz;fis kze;J nfhz;L tho;e;jdu;. mtu;fs; top te;NjhNu efuj;jhu; Mtu; (gf;jtj;ryghujp 2002: 129) ,f;Fwpg;Gk; nrl;bahu; rhjpapdu;fsplk; ngz;fs; vz;zpf;iff; FiwghL ,Ue;jijj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

nrl;b rhjpapdu; Ntshsg; ngz;fis kze;J nfhz;ljd; %yk; jq;fs; Fyk; jiof;fr; nra;jdu; vd;whYk; mj;jifa kzq;fs; ,tu;fsplk; Vw;gl;l ngz;fs; vz;zpf;iff; Fiwghl;il KOikahf epiwT nra;atpy;iy. vdNt Fkup khtl;lj;jpDs; te;J jq;fpa nrl;br; rhjpapdu;fsplKk; ngz;fs; vz;zpf;iff; Fiwg;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; tho;e;j nrl;bahu;fs; jq;fs; ,dg;ghJfhg;G fUjpAk; mjidj; jiof;fr; nra;a Ntz;b> jhq;fs; jq;fp ,Ue;j ,lq;fspd; mUfpy; tho;e;j jq;fSld; kzTwT nfhs;s tpUg;gk; njuptpj;j rhjpfsplk; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,j;jifa kzKiwfis filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; jq;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l ngz;fs; vz;zpf;iff; Fiwghl;ilr; rup nra;J nfhz;ldu;. ,uzpay; Nkyj;njUtpYk; Fsr;rypYk; nrd;W jq;fpatu;fs; Kf;Ftu;fSlDk; gwf;if Cupy; nrd;W jq;fpatu;fs; ehlhu;fSlDk; jpUtpjhq;NfhL >,uzpay; fPoj; njUtpy; jq;fpatu;fs; ehau;fSlDk; Nfhl;lhW nrl;bj; njUtpy; jq;fpatu;fs; nts;shsu;fSlDk; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.

rhjpf; fyg;Gk; fpisr;rhjpfspd; Njhw;wKk;

rhjpag; gbepiyapy; cau;e;j epiyapy; kjpf;fg;gLk; rhjpapdUld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ltu;fs; mLf;F Kiwapy; cau;e;j ,lj;jpYk;> rkj; jFjp cilatu;fSld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l $l;lj;jpdu; mLf;F Kiwapy; mLj;j epiyapYk; rhjpg; gbepiyapy; jho;e;j rhjpapdUld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l $l;lj;jpdu;fs; mLf;F Kiwapy; ,Wjp epiyapYk; itj;J kjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. rhd;whf nts;shsu;fSld; kz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nfhl;lhW nrl;bahu;fs; mLf;F Kiwapy; Kjyplj;jpYk;> ehau;fSld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l jpUtpjhq;NfhL> ,uzpay; fPoj; njUitr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; mLf;F Kiwapy; ,uz;lhk; epiyapYk;> ehlhu;fSld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gwf;ifr; nrl;b rhjpapdu; mLf;F Kiwapy; %d;whk; ,lj;jpYk; Kf;Ftu;fSld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ,uzpay; Nkyj;njU> Fsr;ry; gFjpapy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fs; mLf;F Kiwapy; ehd;fhk; ,lj;jpYk; itj;Jg; ghu;f;fg;gl;ldu;. vdNt ,tu;fSf;Fs; kzTwT nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G Jz;bf;fg;gl;L gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jdpj;jdp FOthapdhu;.

Muk;gf; fhyq;fspy; nrl;b vd;w nghJthd rhjpg; ngaupy; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu; midtUk; rhjp kPwpa kzKiwapdhy; jq;fSf;Fs; Vw;gl;l gpuptpidfSf;Fg; gpd;du; mg; gpuptpidia milahsg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jq;fs; rhjpg; ngaUld; jhq;fs; kzk; nra;J nfhz;l rhjpapdu; ngaiuAk; Nru;j;J miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mjhtJ nts;shsu;fSld; kz cwT nfhz;l Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bahu; nts;shQ;nrl;b vdTk; ehau;fSld; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ltu;fs; ehar;nrl;b vdTk; ehlhu;fSld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpatu;fs; rhzhQ;nrl;b vdTk; Kf;Ftu;fSld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpatu;fs; Kf;Ftr; nrl;b vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fs; $l;lk; xt;nthd;Wk; rPuhd kztop cwtpid nfhz;l xw;iwf; FO my;y vd;gijAk; xd;NwhL xd;W xl;l KbahjthW mbg;gil Ntw;Wikfisf; nfhz;l FOf;fshf ,Ug;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu;fsplk; Vw;gl;l rhjp kPwpa jpUkzq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; ,tu;fSf;Fs; ve;jtpj cwTfSk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. MfNt ,t;tifj; jpUkzq;fis epWj;jpf; nfhz;l Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu;fs; midtUk; jq;fs; CUf;Fs; cs;s nrl;bahu;fsplk; kl;LNk kz cwT nfhs;Sk; rpw;W}u; mfkzf; FOtpdu;fshf khwpdu;.

,jdhy; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fSf;F cs;shfpdu;. Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; tho;e;J tUk; nrl;b rhjpapdu; midtUk; rpWrpW vz;zpf;if cila $l;lj;jpduhfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; jk; CUf;Fs; thOk; jd; ,dj;jtu;fsplk; kl;LNk kzTwT nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,tu;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. mjdhy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpa fhy ,ilntspf;F cs;shfNt rpw;W}u;fspy; tho;e;j ,f;$l;lj;jpdu;fs; midtUk; jq;fSf;Fs; neUq;fpa cwT cilatu;fshf khwpdhu;. vdNt kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fpidj; njhlu;e;J tUk; fhyq;fspYk; filgpbf;f Kad;w NghJ kz cwT nfhs;sj; jfhj neUq;fpa cwT cilatu;fNshLk; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba R+oy; cUthdJ. vdpDk; rpw;W}Uf;Fs; kl;LNk kzk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w neUf;fb fUjp mj;jifa cwT Kiwr; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhd KbTfis Vw;gLj;jp jpUkzq;fis elj;jpf; nfhs;tJ tof;fk; ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa> ‘nrl;b Kiw vl;L Kiw vl;L KiwAk; nfl;l Kiw’ vd;w gonkhop ,r;rhjpapdu; Fwpj;J cUthfpajhff; $Wfpd;wdu;.

Muk;g epiyapy; ,j;jifaj; jpUkz cwTfs; Vw;gLj;Jtij ,ay;ghff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mdhy; Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; fy;tp fw;Fk; cupik gutyhf;fg;gl;L ,tu;fs; fy;tp mwpT ngw;w NghJk; mwptpay; ty;Yeu;fs; ,uj;j cwTf;Fs; kzk; nra;J nfhs;tjpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fshf kdj;jsu;r;rp> %is tsu;r;rp Fiw> Cdk;> gyfPdk; Nghd;wit cUthFk; vd;W mwpf;iffs; ntspapl;l NghJ jhq;fs; filgpbj;J te;j rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J filgpbf;fj; jaf;fk; fhl;bdu;. vdNt ,r;rpf;fy;fspy; ,Ue;J jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s kPz;Lk; Kd;G Nghy; jhq;fs; thOk; ,lq;fspy; cs;s gpw rhjpfSldhd kz cwTfisj; njhlu Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Mdhy; mr;rhjpapdu;fs; ,jw;F kWg;G njuptpj;jdu;. jq;fSf;Fr; rpf;fy;fs; cUthFk; fhyq;fspy; jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk; gpd;du; rpf;fy; rup nra;ag;gl;lTld; mtu;fshfNt jq;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhs;tJk; ,g;NghJ ,tu;fis rpe;jpf;f nra;jJ. vdNt nrl;bahu;fs; kPz;Lk; njhlu Kw;gl;l rhjpf; fyg;G cwTfSf;F kWg;G njuptpj;jdu;.

Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu;fspd; rhjp kPwpa kz tpUg;gj;jpw;F kw;w rhjpapdu; kWg;G njuptpj;jjhy; ngUk; rpf;fy;fSf;F cs;shfpdu; .mjpypUe;J jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu; midtUk; jq;fSf;Fs; $b Ngr;R thu;j;ij elj;j 1950 fspy; jpl;lkpl;ldu;. vdNt Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; tho;e;J te;jr; nrl;bahu;fs; midtUk; mJ njhlu;ghfg; Ngr miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;ldu;. Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; Nfhl;lhW> gwf;if Cupy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fs; kl;Lk; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. Vnddpy; Nfhl;lhW> gwf;if Cupy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fs; Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; Vida ,lq;fspy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fis tpl vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. vdNt Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; Vida nrl;bahu;fSf;F cUthd jfh cwTj; jpUkzk; vd;w rpf;fy; Nfhl;lhW gwf;if Cu;fspy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Vw;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,t;tpU gpuptpdu;fSk; Vida Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; nrl;b rhjpapdu;fs; vjpu;nfhz;lr; rpf;fiyf; Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f tpLj;j miog;gpy; rpf;fiy vjpu;nfhs;shj jhq;fs; Vd; fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijiag; Gwf;fzpj;jdu; miog;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;L Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; fye;J nfhz;l Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu;fs; midtUk; jq;fSf;Fs; $b tpthjpj;jdu;. mjpy; Fkup khtl;lj;Jr; nrl;bahu;fs; Mfpa ehk; midtUk; ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; rhjpf; fyg;G kzk; %yk; jq;fspilNa gpuptpidia cz;lhf;fpa cau;e;jtu; jho;e;jtu; vd;w mLf;F Kiwapid tpyf;fp tpl;L midtUk; rkj;jFjp cilatu;fs; vd;w kjpg;gPl;ilf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ehk; midtUk; jw;NghJ Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiw tof;fpid tpyf;fptpl;L ekf;Fs; vt;tpj ghFghLk; ,d;wp jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt jpUkz cwTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; FOtpdu;fshf khw Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; jq;fspilNa cUthd jfh cwTj; jpUkzk; Vw;gLk; rpf;fiyj; jtpu;f;f ,aYk; vd;W KbT nra;J mt;thW nray;glTk; Jtq;fpdu;.

gpd;dhspy; V*u; nrl;br;rq;fk; vd;w xU mikg;ig 1952 ,y; epWtp jq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfis NkYk; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jd; %yk; Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; nrl;bahu;fs; midtUk; rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L rhjp mfkz Kiw tof;fj;ijf; filgpbf;Fk; FOtpdu;fshf khwpdhu;. vz;zpf;if kpFjpahy; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijiag; Gwf;fzpj;j Nfhl;lhW> gwf;if Cu;fisr; rhu;e;j nrl;bahu;fs; njhlu;e;J rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;ifNa filg;gpbj;J te;jdu;. ,e;epiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fhyq;fSf;F gpd;du; ,tu;fsplKk; jfh cwTj; jpUkzk; Vw;gLk; R+oy; cUthdJ. ,tu;fs; Vida Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fis tpl vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mtu;fs; Kd;$l;bNa vjpu;nfhz;l rpf;fiyf; Nfhl;lhW> gwf;if nrl;bahu;fs; fhyk; jho;j;jp re;jpf;f Neu;e;jJ. vdNt mjpypUe;J jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s rpyu; rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fj;ij kPWk; kdk; cilatu;fshf khwpdu;. ,jid mwpe;j Nfhl;lhW> gwf;ifr; nrl;b ,d %jhijau;fs; jhk; ,Jehs; tiu filgpbj;Jf; fhj;J tUk; rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiw tof;fj;ij jd; rhjpapdu;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdu; vdpy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jk; $l;lj;jpdUf;fhd jdpj;j milahsk; moptJld; mtu;fs; Jz;Lgl;Lg; NghtJk; cWjp. NkYk; jd; ,df;$l;lk; ghJfhg;G mw;wjhfTk; MfptpLk; vd;w mr;rk; fhuzkhf rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; %yk; re;jjpfsplk; epiy epWj;j Kide;jdu;. fl;Lg;ghLfis kPWNthUf;Fj; jz;lidfs; mguhjk; tpjpf;Fk; tof;fKk; ,tu;fshy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;jd.

,tw;wpd; %yk; rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiw tof;fj;ij kPz;Lk; jd; rhjpf; $l;lj;jpduplk; Nfhl;lhW gwf;if nrl;bahu;fs; njhlu;e;J epiyepWj;jpdu;. fl;Lg;ghLfs; %yk; rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fpid epiy epWj;j Kad;wjhy; Vw;gl;l r%fr; rpf;fy;fs; Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bahiu fl;Lg;ghl;il kPWk; R+oYf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wJ. ,jdhy; Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bahu;fs; ,ilNa gpuptpidfs; Njhd;Wk; epiy cUthdJ. vdNt rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiw tof;fpidj; njhlu;e;J filgpbg;gjhy; tpisAk; jPikfSf;F mQ;rp Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bahu;fSk; V*u; nrl;br; rq;fj;Jld; jq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.Mdhy; gwf;ifr; nrl;bahu;fs; njhlu;e;J rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiwiaf; filg;gpbj;J tUk; $l;lj;jpduhfNt ,Ue;J te;jdu;. Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bapdu; V*u; nrl;br; rq;fj;Jld; jq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd;du; gpw V%u; nrl;bahUld; jpUkz cwit Vw;gLj;jpdu;. Mdhy; ,j;jifaj; jpUkzq;fspy; gpw V*u; nrl;bfsplk; ngz; vLf;Fk; kz cwTfis kl;Lk; ,tu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ngz; nfhLf;Fk; kz cwTfisj; jq;fs; CUf;Fs; thOk; jd; rhjpapduplk; kl;Lk; nra;J te;jdu;. Vnddpy; Nfhl;lhW nrl;b rhjpapdu; ngaupy; gy Nfhb kjpg;Gs;s mirAk; mirah nrhj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jd. Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bahu; midtUk; trpf;fpd;w tPLfSk; nrl;bj;njUTk; rKjhaj;jpd; ngaupNyNa fhzg;gl;ld. ,e;jr; nrhj;Jf;fis Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bapdu; ghuk;gupakhf mDgtpf;f kl;LNk ,aYk;. gpwUf;F tpw;gid nra;tjw;Nfh ed;nfhilahff; nfhLg;gjw;Nfh jdpg;gl;l egu; vtUf;Fk; cupik fpilahJ. Mdhy; V*u; nrl;bfSld; jpUkz cwTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; mtu;fSk; jq;fSf;F cupik cila nrhj;Jf;fspy; cupik nfhz;lhlTk; mDgtpf;fTk; tha;g;G Vw;gLk; epiy cUthFk;. mjhtJ Nfhl;lhW nrl;b ,dg;ngz;fis gpw V*u; nrl;b r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j xUtDf;F kzKbj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; epiyapy; tPl;by; Mz; thupR ,y;iynadpy; ngz;zpd; jha; je;ijau; ghuk;gupakhf mDgtpj;J te;j tPL mtu;fspd; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd; mtu;fspd; ngz;fisNa te;J NrUk; ,jdhy; tPl;il mDgtpf;Fk; cupik gpwV*u; nrl;br;rq;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j MltDf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk;. NkYk; Nfhl;lhW nrl;b rKjha vy;iyapDs; gpw V*u; nrl;b rq;fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; tho NeupLk; NghJ mtu;fisf; Nfhl;lhW nrl;b rKjha epu;thfpfshy; jk; ,dj;jtu;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Nghy; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; ,ayhJ. ,JNghd;w rpf;fy;fspy; ,Ue;J jq;fSf;F cupik cila nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; Nfhl;lhW nrl;bapdu; ngz; vLj;jy; vd;w xU jpirg; Nghf;fhd kzKiwia kl;Lk; filg;gpbf;fj; Jtq;fpdu;. ,jdhy; Nfhl;lhu; nrl;bg; ngz;fspd; jpUkzKiw rpw;W}u; mfkzKiw tof;fhfTk; Mz;fspd; jpUkz Kiw rhjp mfkzKiw tof;fhfTk; mike;jd. 

Nfhl;lhW nrl;b rhjpapdu; filg;gpbj;J te;j ,e;j xU jpirg; Nghf;fhd kzKiwf;F V*u; nrl;b rhjpapdu; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jdu;. Nfhl;lhW nrl;bapdu; V*u;nrl;bfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;l gpd;dUk; Kd;ida mLf;F Kiwapid epidT $Wk; kdk; cilatu;fshfNtf; fhzg;gl;ldu;. vdNt ngz; nfhLj;jiyj; jq;fSf;Fs;NsAk; ngz; vLg;gij V*u; nrl;bfsplKk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. ,J Nfhl;lhW nrl;bapdu; VOu; nrl;bfSld; ,ize;J ,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fis tpl r%f kjpg;gPl;by; jhq;fs; cau;e;jtu;fs; vd;gij kiwKfkhfr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ vd;W fUjpdu;. Vnddpy; Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bahu;fsplk; ngz; vLg;gtu;fs; cau;e;j FOtpduhfTk; ngz; nfhLg;gtu; jho;e;j FOtpduhfTk; fUjg;gLk; tof;fk; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tl ,e;jpa rhjpfspd; cl;gpupTfshf tpsq;Fk; Fyq;fs;> Nfhj;jpuq;fs;> $l;lk;> guk;giu Nghd;wit xU gb epiyapy; mike;J mtw;Wf;Fs; cau;T jho;T vd;W tupirg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tiuaiwapd; gb ngz;fis cau; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j kzkfDf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid NtW tifapy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhdhy; ngz; vLf;Fk; NghJ mtisf; fPo;f;Fyj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; ngz; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ mtis cau; Fyj;jpw;Fk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (,z;ld; 1976: fhu;Nt  1965:Nghf;fhf; 1954: R+u; 1973 : ,e;j xU jpirg; Nghf;fpy; ngz; nfhLj;jy; vd;w tpjp ,iz epiyahfg; ngz; nfhLg;Nghu; jFjp Fiwe;j FOtpduhfTk; ngz; vLg;Nghu; jFjp cau;e;j FOtpduhfTk; gbepiyg;gLtijg; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. (gf;jtj;ry ghujp 2002: 60-65). Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s rhd;Wfspd; %yk; tl ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; ngz; nfhLj;jy; vLj;jy; vd;w epiyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; cau;T jho;T vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ijf; Fkup khtl;lr; nrl;bfSk; filg;gpbg;gij mwpa KbfpwJ

vdNt nrhj;Jg; ghJfhg;G fUjp Nfhl;lhW nrl;bfs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,e;j xU jpirg; Nghf;fhd kzKiwf;Fg; gpw V*u; nrl;bapdu; kWg;G njuptpj;jdu;. Mdhy; Nfhl;lhW nrl;bapdu; nrhj;Jg; ghJfhg;gpid kl;LNk jq;fSila Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhy; kPz;Lk; jq;fisr; rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiwiaf; filgpbf;Fk; $l;lj;jpduhf khw;wpaJld; mj;jifa kzKiwiaf; fl;Lg;ghlhfTk; nfhz;L te;jdu;. ,jidg; gpw;fhy re;jjpapdUk; njhlu;e;J epiy epWj;jpdhu;.

KbTiu

Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW Cu;fspy; thOk; nrl;bahu;fis kz cwtpd; mbg;gilapy; ,U ngUk; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W rpw;W}u; mfkzKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; FO kw;nwhd;W rhjp mfkz Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; FO. Nfhl;lhW nrl;b gwf;ifr;  nrl;b Mfpa ,U FOf;fSk; rpw;W}u; mfkzKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; FOf;fs; MFk;. V*u;r; nrl;b vd;Dk; gpupTf;Fs; mlq;Fk; Vida FOf;fs; mfkzKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; FOf;fs; MFk;. mfkzKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; V*u; nrl;bfSk; rpwpJ fhyk; Gwkzf; FOf;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. rpw;W}u; mfkzKiwapy; Vw;gl;lr; rpf;fy;fis vjpu;nfhs;s VOu;r; nrl;b vd;w mikg;G cUthf;fg; ngw;W Gwkz cwtpy; %yk; Njhd;wpa mLf;F mfkzKiwia epiy epWj;jp rpw;W}u; mfkzKiwapy; ,Ue;Jk; fyg;G kzKiwapypUe;Jk; jq;fis tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. V*u; nrl;b fspd; ,t;tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;F mtu;fis KOikahd ngUq;$l;lkhf milahsg;gLj;jpaijf; fhz Kbe;jJ. Nfhl;lhW nrl;bfSf;Fg; ghuk;gupa nrhj;Jk; gwf;ifr; nrl;bfSf;F kz cwtpy; V*u;r; nrl;bfisr; rhu;e;J ,Uf;fj; Njitapy;iy vd;w czu;Tk; ,Ue;jikahy; V*u;r;nrl;b mikg;gpy; ,iza ,aytpy;iy. vdNt ,tu;fs; njhlu;e;J rpw;W}u; mfkz Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;Jf;F cs;shapdu;.

ghHit E}y;fs;

rjhrptk;> Nr. NruehLk; nre;jkpo; ehLk;;> rrp epiyak;> ehfu;Nfhtpy;> jkpo;ehL> 1972.

ePyfz;ld;> jh.> Nfhl;lhW nrl;bahu; tuyhWk; tho;tpaYk;> kfspu; mr;rfk;> ehfu;Nfhtpy;> jkpo;ehL> 1989.

ghujp> gf;jtr;ry.> jkpou; khdpltpay;> nka;ag;gd; jkpo; Ma;tfk;> rpjk;guk;> jkpo;ehL> 2002.

gukrptd;. nju. mwpag;glhj jkpofk;> (Kjy; gjpg;G) n[ah gjpg;gfk;> ghisaq;Nfhl;il> jkpo;ehL> 1997.

uFehjd;> njh. K. rp. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ahu;?> kJiu> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;> jkpo;ehL> 1984.

Thurston, Edgar & K.Rangachari. Castes and Tribes of Southern India (vol. 7), Government press, Madras, 1909.

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