jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; jd;tpidiag; gy epiyfspy; tpsf;fpAs;sd. tpidabfs; Vw;Fk; gy;NtW xl;Lfs; my;yJ cUGfspd; gz;ig itj;Jf; nfhz;Lj; jd;tpid gpwtpid vd ,yf;fz E}yhu; gpupg;gu;. xU tpidiaj; jhNd nra;jhy; jd;tpidahFk;. xU tpidiag; gpwu; xUtiuf; nfhz;L Kbf;Fk; nray; gpwtpidahFk;. jd;tpidiaAk; gpwtpidiaAk; njhy;fhg;gpau; vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; ‘,Utapd; nghUl;lhFk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,ijj;njhlu;e;J te;j ,yf;fz E}y;fs; XusTf;F jd;tpid> gpwtpidia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. ,f;fl;Liu ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fz E}y;fshd tPuNrhopak;> Nekpehjk; ed;D}y; $Wk; jd;tpid> gpwtpidfis vLj;Jiug;gjhf mikfpwJ.

jd;tpid gpwtpid gw;wpa Kd;dha;Tfs;;

jd;tpid> gpwtpid gw;wpa jdpj;j Ma;Tfs; ntsptutpy;iy. vdpDk; tpidapd; mikg;igf;$Wk;NghJ mjd; cl;$whfj; jd;tpid gpwtpidfs; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. r. mfj;jpaypq;fk;> Nkh. ,RNuy;> m. NtYg;gps;is> F. gukrptk;> fp. ehr;rpKj;J> Rgh~;>  j. m[p Nghd;Nwhu; Ma;Tfs; mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;. m.NtYg;gps;is jd;tpid gpwitidfis ,af;FtpidfSs; mikj;Js;shu;. mwNte;jd; jd;tpid gpwtpidfisr; rpq;fsnkhop ,yf;fz E}yhd rpj;jj;rq;futhNthL xg;gpl;L Muha;e;Js;shu;. j. m[p. tpuNrhopak; gpuNahftpNtfk; $Wk; jd;tpid gpwtpidfis Muha;e;Js;shu;. mtu;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,f;fl;Liu Mq;fhq;F Rl;br;nry;fpd;wJ.

jd;tpid/gpwtpid

xU tpidiaj; jhNd nra;jhy; jd;tpidahFk;. xU tpidiag; gpwu; xUtiuf; nfhz;L Kbf;Fk; nray; gpwtpidahFk;. jd;tpidiaAk; gpwtpidiaAk; njhy;fhg;gpau; vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy;

            ‘cg;gfhuk; xd;nwd nkhopa

            ,Utapd; epiyAk; nghUl;lhFk;’             (njh.v.76)

vdj; jd;tpid gpwtpidfis ‘,Utapd; nghUl;lhFk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,r;R+j;jpuj;jpw;F ,sk;G+uzUk; er;rpdhu;f;fpdpaUk; ‘jG’ vd;w nrhy;iy vLj;Jf;fhl;b ,r;nrhy; jd;tpid gpwtpidfspy; mikAk; tpjj;ij tpsf;fpAs;sdu;. mjhtJ ,r;nrhy;iyg; gLj;Jr; nrhy;y ‘eP rh” vdj; jd;tpidahk;; vLj;Jr; nrhy;y ’eP xd;widr; rhtp’ vdg; gpwtpidahk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. njhy;fhg;gpau; ,Utapd; nghUl;lhFk; vd;W nghJthff; Fwpg;gpl;lhNu md;wp jd;tpid> gpwtpid vd;W Neubahf vq;Fk; gFj;Jf;$wtpy;iy. Mdhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y;fSs; tPuNrhopak; jd;tpidiag; Nftyj;jhJ vd;Wk; gpwtpidiaf; fhupjk;> fhupjf;fhupjk;> fhupjf;fhupjf; fhupjk; vd;Wk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ.

gpwtpid tiffs;

tPuNrhopak; gpwtpid tiffis>

       “Ml;lhw;W jPw;whjp jhJf; fisalw; fhupj nkd;W

       Xl;lh twpf> ciuapd; gb nahg;gpy; tpg;gp gpd;G

       %l;lh twp fhupjf;fh upjk;> Kd;gpy; jhJtpd;fl;

       fhl;lh twpait fhupjf; fhupjf; fhupjNk” tP Nrh.65 – vd;w E}w;ghtpy; %d;whfg; gpupj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. mitahtd>

1. fhupjk;
2. fhupjf; fhupjk;
3. fupjf;fhupjf; fhupjk; vd;gdthFk;.

‘Ml;L’ vd;gJ fhupjj; jhJ> fhupjj;jhJTld; tp> gp vd;Dk; tpFjpfisr; Nru;f;f Ml;Ltp> Nfl;gpg;gp vd;W fhupjf; fhupjj; jhJf;fshffpd;wd. fhupjf; fhupjj; jhJf;fSld; NkYk; tp> gp tpFjpfisr; Nru;f;f Ml;Ltpg;gp> Cl;Ltpg;gp vd;gd fhupjf; fhupjf; fhupjj; jhJf;fshfpd;wd (tP.Nrh.65). ,t;thW jd;tpid> gpwtpidiaf; $Wk;kuG njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupau;fs; jd;tpid> gpwtpidfis vLj;Jr;nrhy;yy;> gLj;Jr; nrhy;yy; %yk; tpsf;fp ,Uf;f tPuNrhopak; jhJf;fspd; gpd;tUk; cUGfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fpAs;sJ. ,t;thW jd;tpid gpwtpid gFg;G Nekpehjj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. mjidj; njhlu;e;J te;j ed;D}yhu;>

jd;tpid gpwtpidg; ghFghl;il ntspg;gilahfr; Rl;ltpy;iy mtu;>

       ‘nra; vd; tpidtop tpg;gp jdptupd;

       nra;tp vd; Nwty; ,izapd; <Nuty;’                   (ed;.138)

nra; vd;Dk; Vty; Xu; tpFjp ngw;W nra;tp vd;WtUk;. nra;tp vd;gJ NkYk; Xu; Vty; ngw;W nra;tpg;gp vd tUk; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. mtu; gpwtpidia Vty;> <u;Vty; vd;w KiwapNyNa tpsf;fpAs;shu;. mjhtJ xU tpidia eP xUtidf; nfhz;L nra;tpj;jy;> xUtidf; nfhz;L kw;wtidr; nra;tpf;FkhW VTjy; vd;w ,Uepiyfspy; tpsf;fpAs;shu;. ed;D}yhu; ,t;thW $Wtjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf tPuNrhopau; jpfo;e;jhu;.

     (v.L)  elg;gp> tUtp

           elg;gpg;gp> tUtpg;gp

,jpy; ed;D}yhu; $Wk; XNuty;> <Nuty; vd;gJ tPuNrhopaf;fUj;ij xj;jjhFk;. vdNt gtze;jp Kdptu; Gj;jkpj;jpuiug; gpd;gw;wpAs;shNuh vd;W vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

ed;D}yhu; $Wk; <Nuty; vd;gJ tPuNrhopak; $Wk; fhupjf;fhupjk; MFk;. mjhtJ> xUtidf;nfhz;L kw;wtidr; nra;tpf;FkhW VTjy;> ,jd;fz; vTjy; fUj;jh ,UtUk; ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh xUtDk; cs;sdu;. ,jid ,Ukb Vty; vd jp.Nt. Nfhghiyau; (tP.Nrh.gf;.248) $Wfpwhu;. ed;D}yhu; tp> gp ,ize;J tUtJ <Nuty; vdf; $Wfpwhu;. ,jidNa tPuNrhopak; fhupjf;fhupjf; fhupjk; vdf; $WfpwJ. Nfhghiyau; ,jw;F> “xUtid Vtpl> mtd; kw;nwhUtid Vt> mtd; gpwd; xUtid Vtpr; nraiy epfo;j;Jtpj;jy;> Ml;Ltpg;gp – (ML) Ml;L> Ml;Ltp> Ml;Ltpg;gp vd ,jd;fz;> VTjw;fUj;jh %tu;> ,aw;Wjw; fUj;jh xUtu; vd Kk;kb Vty;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (tP.Nrh.gf;.248). kiyahs nkhopapy; tp> gp tbtq;fs; mjhtJ tUtpf;F> tUtpg;gpf;F vd;gd Vuhskhf ,d;Wk; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd. ,Ukb Vty; gw;wp er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; $Wk;NghJ “Kw;fhl;ba Kd;dpiy Vty; xUik Kw;Wf;fs; xUtid Nehf;fp> xd;wid xU njhopiyr; nra;tp” vd;Dk; nghUz;ikf;fz;

       elj;Jtp> elg;gp> tUtp> tpuptp> tpupg;gp> <g;gp> nfhLg;gp> $Ttp> NkTtp>

       ifg;gp> neht;Ttp> Nghf;Ftp> ntsTtp> cupDtp> kz;Ztp>

       nghUEtp> jpUKtp> jpd;gp> Nja;g;gp> ghu;g;gp> nrYj;Jtp> njt;Ttp>

       jho;j;Jtp> nfhs;Stp> nt/Ftp vd vjpu;fhyj;jpw;Fupa tfuKk;

       gfuKk; Kd;dpiyf;Fupa ,fuKk; Vwp ,ilepiyf;Fupa

vOj;Jf;fSk; ngw;W vLj;jNyhiriahd; epw;Fk; vd;W czu;f (njhy;nrhy;.er;rp.226) vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. NkYk;> elj;Jtpg;gp> tUtpg;gp> elg;gpg;gp vdTk; tUk; vd;W$wp> ,tw;iw ,Ukb Vty; vd;ghUk; csu;. ,tw;iw ,Ufhy; VTjy;> $wpaJ $wyhk;. Mjypd; ,it ,optof;F vd kWf;f (njhy;.er;rp.226) vdf; $wpAs;shu;. ,t;thW tUgit ngUk;ghYk; tof;fpy; mikAkh? vd;gJ Iaj;jpw;Fupa xd;NwahFk;. tpjp tbtq;fshfNt miktjhy;jhd; ,tw;iw er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; ,optof;F vdf; nfhs;fpd;whu; vd;W Rgh~; fUJfpwhu; (Rgh~;> 2001:43). jkpopy; ,t;thW tUk; tbtq;fs; kpfTk; FiwT. mt;thW te;jhYk; tof;fpy; mJ nraw;ifahf miktjhy; er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; ,jid ,optof;F vd;W fUjpapUg;ghu; NghYk;.  

jd;tpid> gpwtpidiag; gw;wp F. gukrptk; $Wk;NghJ ,g;ghFghL njhy;fhg;gpauhy; $wg;gltpy;iy. ed;D}ypYk; jd;tpid vd;Dk; nrhy;kl;LNk ,lk;ngWfpwJ (332) ,t;tpuz;L E}w;fSf;Fk; ciunaOjpatu;fNs jd;tpid> gpwtpid vd;Dk; ghFghl;ilf; $wpAs;sdu;. xnuhw;Wg; ngWtd jd;tpid vd;gJk; <nuhw;Wg; ngWtd gpwtpid vd;gJk; mt;Tiuahrpupau; nfhs;ifahFk;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; je;jpUf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfis Nehf;Fk;NghJ ‘Ml;L’ vd;gJ Nghd;W gFjpapy; <nuhw;Wg; ngWfpd;witfisNa mtu;fs; gpwtpidfshff; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gJ tpsq;FfpwJ. 17-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J vd;Dk; E}y;jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf ,g;ghFghl;ilg; gw;wp XusT tpupthff; $WfpwJ. jhNd nra;Ak; nray; jd;tpidnad;Wk; gpwd; xUtidf; nfhz;L Kbf;Fk; nray; gpwtpid vd;Wk; tiuaiwfs; nrhy;YfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;E}ypYk; gFjpapy; <nuw;Wg;ngWfpd;w ‘Ml;L’ Nghd;w tpidr;nrhw;fNs gpwtpidfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; Ml;Ltp Nghd;w fhuzfhupa tpidr; nrhw;fSk; gpwtpidfshfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

            ‘gps;isahu; jiyia Ml;bdhu;’

,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; gpwndhUtidf; nfhz;L Kbf;Fk; nray; vJTk; nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. gpwtpid vd;gJ jhNd nra;Ak; nraiyf; Fwpf;Fkhdhy; jd;tpid gpwtpid vd;Dk; ghFghl;bw;Fg; nghUs; ,y;iy vd;W jd;tpid – gpwtpid vd;Dk; ghFghL jkpo; nkhopapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ftjw;F cjthJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; F. gukrptk; (1983:214). nr.it.rz;Kfk; jd;tpid gpwtpidgw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ jd;tpid nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpidahf ,Uf;Fk; tpidfSf;Nf nghUe;Jk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;. ,f;fUj;ij Rgh~; mtu;fs; vjpu;j;J ‘cz;lhd; vd;Dk; jd;tpid Cl;bdhd; vdg; gpwtpidaha; tUk; ,jpy; cz;lhd; vd;Dk; jd;tpidapYk; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;whkNyNa te;Js;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;. (2001:44) NkYk; mtu; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa Fd;whtpidabfNshL gp> tp> g;gp vd;Dk; cUGfs; NrUk;NghJ nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpidabfs; vy;yhk; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wh tpidabfshfTk; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wh tpidabfs; vy;yhk; ,U nrag;gLnghUis Vw;Fk; tpidabfshfTk; nray;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk; $Wfpwhu;. M.NtYg;gps;is mtu;fs; ,af;Ftpid gpwtpidnad;W ngau; ngWk; vd;W $wp jd;tpid> gpwtpid vd;Dk; ghFghl;il ,af;Ftpidapy; mlf;fpAs;shu;.

KbTiu

jd;tpid gpwtpidfSf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpak; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpad; ciuahrpupau;fNs gpwtpidia cUG epiyfspy; tpsf;fp ,Ukb Vty; Kk;kb Vty; vd;gjid ,optof;F vd;W tpsf;fpAs;sdu;. ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fz E}y;fSs; tPuNrhopaNk jd;tpid gpwtpidia kpftpupthf Muha;e;Js;sJ. tlnkhopf; fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gpwtpidia tpsf;FfpwJ. tPuNrhopau; fhyj;jpy; gy tpFjpngw;W tsu;e;j gpwtpidiaj; njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupau;fs; ,optof;F vd;W fUjpdu;. M. NtYg;gps;is jd;tpid gpwitidia ,af;Ftpidapy; mlf;f F. gukrptNkh ,t;tif tpidfs; jkpo;nkhopapd; mikg;ig tpsf;f cjthJ vd;Wk;  ,it cUgdpay; njhludpay; nghUsdpay; Mfpa %d;wpYk; NtWgl;L tUtd vd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdu;. vdpDk; ,j;jifa jd;tpid gpwtpid tbtq;fs; ,d;iwa tof;fpYk; gapd;WtUfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

ghHit E}y;fs;

Nfhghiyau;> jp. Nt.> gpuNahftpNtfk;> Mz;ltd; M];ukk;. nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 1997.

Nfhghiyau;> jp. Nt.> tPuNrhopak;> Mz;ltd; M];ukk;. nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 2005.

Rg;gpukzpad;.> r. Nt.> njhy;fhg;gpak; njspTiu> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk; nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 1998.

Rgh~; re;jpuNgh];> fhyq;fs;>  nka;ag;gd; jkpoha;tfk;> rpjk;guk;> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 2001.

Nrhk ,stuR> ed;D}y;> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk; nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 2001.

gukrptk;. F.> ,f;fhyj; jkpo; kuG> md;dk; rptfq;if> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 1983.

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