kdpj khz;Gfspy; kpfr; rpwe;j thu;j;ij md;djhdk; vd;gNj MFk;. ehk; ekf;F vd;W Raj;jd;ikAld; thohky; gpwUf;F vd;w nghJTlikr; rpe;jid vg;NghJ kdpjdplk; Njhd;WfpwNjh mg;nghONj ehk; kdpjdhfg; gpwe;jjd; khz;ig milfpNwhk;. vt;tifahd jhdq;fisf; filg;gpbg;gJk; khz;Gila nraNy MFk;. MapDk; md;djhdk; vd;gJ vy;yhtw;wpYk; cau;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.kdpj capu; tho;f;iff;F mbg;gilNa czT jhd;. mJNt capu; tho;tjw;fhd gyj;ijj; jUfpwJ. md;djhdj;jhNyNa Md;kPfKk; jtKk; epiyj;J epw;f KbfpwJ. Md;kPfj;jpYk; jtj;jpYk; rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; ,r;nraypy; tu;zhrpukk; filgpbf;Fk; jPl;L rhu;e;j fUj;jhf;fKk; Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; rka murpay; gpd;GyKk; ntspg;gLtij ,f;fl;Liu Muha;fpwJ.

grpg;gpzp ePf;fYk;:Gz;zpaq;fSk;

md;djhdk; nra;Nthu; mijg; ngWgtu; “NghJk;” vd;W nrhy;Yfpw tiuapy; md;dj;ijf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lkhk;. ,t;Tyfpy; tho;tjw;fhd mbg;gil Mjhuk; czT> cil> ciwtplk; vd;W Rl;lg; ngw;whYk; cil> ciwtplk; ,uz;Lk; cq;fs; juj;ij kl;LNk cau;j;JfpwJ. Mdhy; czT vd;gJ vy;yh capu;fSk; capu; tho;tjw;fhd mUkUe;jhFk; vy;yh Neha;fspYk; nfhba Neha; grp Neha; ,ij jPu;f;fhtpl;lhy; ,wg;Ng KbthFk;. grpg;gpzp jPu;f;Fk; Gz;zpaj;jpw;F <lhf ,t;Tyfpy; vJTk; ,y;iy ,jdhNyNa grpg;gpzp jPu;g;G ,iwtDf;Nf cztpl;l rpwg;igj; jUfpwJ. ,jid czu;j;Jk; xU fijahliy fhzyhk;> “Vio tptrhap xUtd; jd; kfis kzk;Kbj;Jf; nfhLf;f nghUs; trjp ,y;yhjjhy; kd;du; Ngh[uh[dplk; nghUs; cjtp ngw epidj;jhu;. mjdhy; jd; kidtpaplk; topapy; rhg;gpLtjw;F nuhl;b nra;J thq;fpr; nrd;whu;. topapy; grp Vw;glNt Fsf;fiuapy; mku;e;J nuhl;b nghl;lyj;ijg; gpupj;jhu;. mt;Ntis mq;F Fl;bfis <d;wpUe;j ngz; eha; xd;W thiy Ml;bagb mtiu Vf;fj;NjhL ghu;j;jJ. mijg; ghu;j;j tptrhap mjd; grpia mwpe;J xU nuhl;bia mjw;Fg; Nghl;lhu;. mijg; grpapd; Ntfj;jhy; rhg;gpl;l eha; kPz;Lk; mtu; Kfj;ijg; ghu;f;f ,d;ndhU nuhl;biag; Nghl;lhu;. mijAk; rhg;gpl;L kPz;Lk; mtu; Kfk; ghu;j;jJ. ,g;gbNa mjd; grpf;fhfj; jhd; nfhz;L te;j midj;J nuhl;bfisAk; nfhLj;Jtpl;L jhd; grpahfNt ,Ue;J jd; gazj;ijj; njhlu;e;J muz;kidia mile;jhu;. kd;ddplk; jhd; te;j fhuzj;ijr; nrhy;yp nghUs; cjtp Nfl;lhu;. kd;du; mtuplk; eP ,Jtiu VjhtJ Gz;zpak; nra;J ,Uf;fpwhah? nrhy;. me;jg; Gz;zpaj;jpd; vilf;F vil nghd; jUfpNwd; vd;whu;. kd;dh ehd; ,Jtiu Gz;zpak; nra;jjhf epidtpy;iy. Mdhy; tUk; topapy; eha; xd;Wf;F rpwpJ nuhl;b nfhLj;Njd; mt;tsTjhd; vd;whu;. rup eP nra;j Gz;zpaj;ij ,Njh ,e;j juhRj; jl;by; itg;gjhff; fw;gid nra;J nfhs; vd;W $wp kWjl;by; nghw;fhRfis ,l;lhu;. jl;L mirahky; epd;wJ. NkYk; nghw;fhRfis Nghlg; Nghl jl;L miraNt ,y;iy. muz;kidapd; f[hdh KOtJk; fhypahfpAk; jl;L rpwpJk; fPNo ,wq;fNt ,y;iy. mjpu;e;J Nghd murd; iffisf; $g;gp Iah jhq;fs; ahu;? vdg; gzpthff; Nfl;lhu;. kd;dh ehd; rhjhuz tptrhap vd; gl;bdp nghWj;J grpNahL ,Ue;j eha;f;Fr; rpy nuhl;bfisg; Nghl;Nld;. NtW vJTk; nra;atpy;iy vd;whu;. kd;du; Iah jhq;fs; nra;jJ msf;f Kbahj Gz;zpak; mjw;F <lhf ,e;j uh[;aj;ijNa vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; vd;whu;. tptrhap uh[;[paj;ij kWj;J jd; kfs; jpUkzj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs; kl;LNk NghJk; vd;W $wp mjid kl;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L jpUk;gpdhu” (nghd;Dj; jhap> R. 1988 : 62 – 63).

cyfpy; grpahy; thLk; capu;fSf;Fg; grpg;gpzp ePf;Fk; Gz;zpaj;jpw;F <lhdJ vJTk; fpilahJ. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jhd; grpNahL ,Ue;J md;djhdk; toq;fpdhy; mJ kpFe;j gyidj; jUk; vd;gij fij typAWj;JfpwJ. ,d;wsTk; md;djhdk; nra;gtu;fs; mij ngWgtu;fSf;F jhd; grpNahL ,Ue;J jd; ifahy; czT toq;FtijNa rpwe;j gz;ghff; fUjp nra;J tUfpd;wdu;.

,yf;fpaq;fspy; md;djhdk;

rq;f ,yf;fpak;

rq;f fhy Nru kd;dd; cjpad; Nruyhjd; vd;gtd; kfhghujg; Nghupy; gq;F nfhz;l ,Ujug;Gg; gil tPuu;fSf;Fk; mstpy;yhky; czT mspj;jjhf rq;f ,yf;fpar; nra;jp cs;sJ. mjdhNyNa mtu; ngUQ;Nrhw;W cjpad; Nruyhjd; vd toq;fg;gl;lhd;. mtDf;F thdtuk;gd; vd;Wk; xU gl;lk; cz;L. thdtuk;gd; vd;w tifapy; thdj;ij vy;iyahff; nfhz;L Nguurhl;rp fz;ltd; vd;gJ nghUs;. me;jg; gl;lk; thdtu; md;gd; vd;gNj vdr; nrhy;yp jd; Mfr; rpwe;j md;djhdj;jhy; ,td; thdtu;fspd; md;gdhfj; jpfo;e;jhd;. vdg; nghUs; nfhs;gtu;fSk; cz;L.

mj;jahj;k uhkhaz trdk;

“FUFy trp];lu; nrhd;djd; Ngupy; gps;is tuk; Ntz;b up~pa rpUq;f Kdptiu mioj;J Gj;jpu fhNk~;b ahfk; epfo;j;Jfpwhu; jruj khkd;du;. me;j ahfk; epfOk; fhyj;jpy; ntsp Njrj;jpypUe;J grpNahL xU Vio mq;F tUfpwhd;. mtd; grp mwpe;J jruju; mtid mioj;Jr; nrd;W czT nfhLj;J kfpo;fpwhu;. VioAk; tapwhu cz;L tho;j;jpr; nrd;whd;. ,ijg; ghu;j;j  trp];lu; kd;dh Gj;jpu fhNk~;b ahfj;jhy; cdf;Ff; Foe;ij gpwf;fpwNjh ,y;iyNah nra;j ,e;j md;djhdj;jhy; fl;lhak; cdf;Ff; Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; vd;whu;. Vioapd; tapw;Wg; grpf;F cztspg;gijf; fhl;bYk; cau;e;j ahfk; fpilahJ vd;whu; (ng. ghyfpU~;zkhr;rhup> 1922 : 137).

kfhghujf; fij

kfhghujj;jpy; nfhilf;F rpwg;G ngw;wtd; fu;zd;. fu;zd; Nghupy; kbe;j NghJ mtd; nra;j nfhilg; gad; fhuzkhf Neuhf nrhu;f;fj;Jf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. mq;Nf mtDf;F midj;J tpjkhd trjpfSk; fpilf;fpwJ. Mdhy; grp kl;Lk; mtid thl;b vLf;fpwJ. nrhu;f;fj;jpy; vtUf;Fk; grpf;fhJ vd;gJ epajp. Mdhy; ekf;Fg; grpf;fpwNj vd;W fu;zd; rpe;jpj;j NghJ mtu; Kd; ehuj kfup~p tUfpwhu;. jd; re;Njfj;ij fu;zd; mtuplk; Nfl;Lj; njspT ngw tpUk;Gfpwhd;.mjw;F ehuju; fu;zh cd; grp Nghf xU top ,Uf;fpwJ. cd; Ms;f;fhl;b tpuiy cd; thapy; itj;Jf; nfhs; cdf;F grpf;fhJ  vd;fpwhu;. mtu; nrhd;dgb jd; Ms;f;fhl;b tpuiy thapy; itj;jJk; fu;zdpd; grp epd;W tpLfpwJ. Mdhy; tpuiy vLj;jJk; kPz;Lk; grpf;fpwJ. clNd mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij ehujuplk; fu;zd; Nfl;fpwhd;. ehuju; fu;zh cd; tho;f;ifapy; mj;jid jhd ju;kq;fisAk; nra;j eP md;djhdj;ij kl;Lk; nra;jjpy;iy mjdhy; jhd; cdf;F ,q;Nf grpf;fpwJ vd;whu;. Mdhy; xNu xU Kiw md;dr;rj;jpuk; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Nfl;l xUtDf;F cd; Ms;fhl;b tpuyhy; topfhl;b cs;sha;. mjdhy; cd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy; kl;Lk; md;djhd gyd; ngw;wJ vd;fpwhu;. md;djhdj;jpw;F topfhl;bajw;Nf ,t;tsT Gz;zpak; vd;why; md;djhdk; vj;jifa rpwg;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij czu;e;j fu;zd; kPz;Lk; xUKiw gpwtp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ md;djhdj;ij msg;gupa tifapy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,iwtdplk; Ntz;bdhd; (];uPkj; Rthkp rpj;gthde;ju;> 1988: 147 – 148).

Nky; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;s %d;W ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSk; md;djhdj;jpd; rpwg;ig kf;fSf;F czu;j;Jtjhf mikfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpar; rhd;W kfhghujf; fijNahL nghUj;jpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tplj;jpy; ,jid cz;ik epfo;th? fw;gidf;fijah? vd;W tpthjpg;gij tpl fij $Wk; ikag; nghUis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tNj rpwg;ghdJ. %d;W fijfSk; jhdj;jpy; rpwe;jJ md;djhdk; vd;gij Kd; itg;gjd; %yk; kf;fisAk; mij gpd;gw;wj;J}z;Ltjhf mikfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; jhdk; nfhLg;gtUk; ngWgtUk; gydiltij Kd; itf;fpwJ.

ehl;lhu; kuGk; md;djhdKk;  

“cz;l tPl;Lf;F nuz;lfk; nra;ayhfhJ” vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhop. ,NjhL njhlu;Gila kw;nwhd;whf “cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid” vd;gijAk; Rl;lyhk;. ,j;jifa gonkhopfs; md;djhdj;jpd; rpwg;igAk; mijr; nra;Nthupd; Nkd;ikiaAk;> mj;jifatUf;Fr; nra;Ak; jPik ngUk;gop ghtj;Jf;FupaJ vd;gijAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.

jkpofj;jpy; jpUl;ilj; jq;fs; njhopyhfr; nra;J te;j xU kugpdu; jq;fs; r%fk; my;yhj gpw rhjpapdu; tPl;by; elf;Fk; tpNrl epfo;Tfspy; fye;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ czT cz;gijj; jtpu;j;J tpLfpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; cz;l tPl;by; jpULtJ ngUk; ghtk; vd;gjhYk; jq;fs; njhopiy nra;tjw;F mJ ,ilA+W tpistpf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapYk; czitj; jtpu;j;J tpLfpd;wdu;.

rpy ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspYk; %jhl;bfs; rpyu; jq;fs; ,y;yj;jpy; jpUl te;j jpUlDf;Fr; Ritahd cztspj;J mtdJ grp Mw;wp jd; tPL jpUlg;glhky; fhj;Jf; nfhz;ljhfr; nra;jpfs; cs;sd. kw;nwhU gonkhopapy; cg;G vd;gJ czitNa  Rl;LfpwJ. mtu; ,l;l czT cd; clk;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; tiu mij ed;wpNahL epidj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;JfpwJ.

njhlf;ff; fhy jkpou;fspd; tPLfspd; fl;ll mikg;G jhd> ju;kj;ij kdjpy; nfhz;Nl fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tPl;Lf;F ntspNa thrw;gbfspd; ,UGwKk; jpz;iz itj;J fl;LtNjhL mjpy; Xa;T vLg;gtu;fspd; jiyg;gFjpf;F cupa ,lj;jpy; J}q;Ftjw;F trjpahf rpW NkL Nghd;w mikg;Gk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. tPl;bd; cupikahsu;fs; tPl;bDs; J}q;Fk; NghJk; topg;Nghf;fu;fs; te;J ,isg;ghw J}q;fpr; nry;y trjpahfj; jpz;izKiw gz;ghL njhlf;ff; fhyq;fspy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. mt;thW vtNuDk; jpz;izfspy; te;J jq;fpdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l tPl;bdu; czT nfhLj;J cgrupg;gijg; gz;ghlhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,uT Ntisapy; J}q;fr; nry;Yk; Kd; Kd;thry; fjit milf;Fk; nghOJ topg;Nghf;fu; tUifia cWjp nra;j gpd;dNu kPe;j Nrhw;Wf;F ePupLtij tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu; vtNuDk; jd;Dila tPl;Lj; jpz;izapNyh my;yJ Cupd; nghJkd;wpNyh grpNahL cwq;f Neu;e;jhy; mJ tPl;bdu;f;Fk;> CUf;Fk; ngUk; Nfl;il tpistpf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;. ,d;W ,e;j kdpjg; gz;G Nfs;tpf;F cs;shfp ,Ug;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; md;djhdk; ew;gz;G vd;Dk; epiyapypUe;J khwp vjpu;ghu;g;GfNshL nra;ag;gl;lNghJ mjw;fhd nra;Kiw gz;GfspYk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; ,uT fjit milf;Fk; Kd; tiu md;djhdk; nra;Ak; kdepiyapy; ,Ue;j r%fk; gpd;dhspy; tpsf;F itj;j gpd; jhdk; nfhLg;gij jtpu;j;Jf; nfhz;ljd;gpd; cs;s murpaiy ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

jhd ju;kk; R+upa xsp ,Uf;Fk; gfypy; nra;tJ ey;yJ vd;Wk; ehk; nra;Ak; ghtj;jpw;Fk; Gz;zpaj;Jf;Fk; R+upa gfthNd rhl;rp vd;gjhYk; ,g;gz;G cUthdJ. nra;Ak; Gz;zpa fhupaq;fSf;F gyd; ngWjiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l NghJk; mjw;F rhl;rp Njba NghJk; md;djhdk; vd;w kdpjg; gz;G vjpu;ghu;g;GfNshL $ba KjyPlhf khwpaJ. ,ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ngsu;zkpapy; md;djhdk; nra;tJ kpFe;j gyd; jUk; vd;w rh];jpu KbTfs; cUthfj; njhlq;fpd. ngsu;zkpapy; ,iwahw;wy; gpugQ;rk; KOtJk; epuk;gp ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; cyfpd; rf;jp mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt me;j ehs;fspy; eP nra;Ak; md;djhdk; VO gpwtpfspYk; eP nra;j ghtj;ijg; Nghf;Fk; gyd; jUk; vd;W Ntjq;fs; gjpT nra;jd. md;djhdk; vd;gJ xUtdJ grp Neuj;jpy; mtDf;F czT mspj;J capu; fhf;Fk; kdpj gz;G vd;w epiy khwp jdf;Fg; Gz;zpak; Nru;f;Fk; ehspy; nra;tJ vd;w Neu; vjpu; fUj;jhf;fk; Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; rkag; gpd;Gyj;jpd; top fUj;jhf;fk; ngwj; Jtq;fpaJ.

r%f murpay; gpd;Gyj;jpy; md;djhdk;;

capu;fspd; grpj;Jd;gk; mwpe;J kdpjj;NjhL nra;ag;gl;l md;djhdk; rh];jpuq;fspd; J}z;Ljyhy; vjpu;ghu;g;GfNshL $ba fUj;jhf;fj;Jf;F khw;wk; ngw;wd. me;j mbg;gilapy; cUthdNj “czTg; Gz;zpak; rpwe;jJ jhd; mjpYk; QhdpfSf;F mspf;Fk; czT jhdNk Mapuk; klq;F Gz;zpak; jUk;” vd;Dk; $w;W (jpUNyhf rPjhuhk;> 1961:67).

,q;F Qhdpfs; vd;w nrhy; Mjpf;fr; rhjpfisNar; Rl;LfpwJ. rh];jpuq;fs; vg;NghJk; tu;zhrpukj;ijAk; mij topelj;Jk; Mjpf;fr; rhjpfisAk; kdjpy; nfhz;Nl fUj;Jf;fis Kd; itj;Js;sJ. ghtk;> Gz;zpak;> jPl;L> Gdpjk; vd;gJk; ,e;j mbg;gil rhu;e;jNj MFk;. md;djhdk; vd;gJ grpj;jtUf;F cztpLk; rhjhuz xU kdpj gz;G mij rkaj;NjhLk; Njtu;fNshLk; nja;tj;NjhLk; ,izj;J rh];jpuq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; R+o;r;rpfs; Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; milahsg;gLj;jYf;NfahdjhFk;.

tu;zhrpukj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ntj rkak; vd;w Mjpf;fr; rkak; czT njhlu;ghf ,Wf;fkhdf; fl;Lg;ghLfis tFj;Js;sJ. ];kpUjpfs; vdg;gLk; tlnkhop ePjp E}y;fspy; ,it ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,J Fwpj;J M.rptRg;gpukzpad; Fwpg;gpLifapy; iftpidQu;fs;> kUj;Jtu;> tl;bj; njhopy; Gupgtu;> tz;zhu;> gQ;rku;> kJ tpahghup> csthsp> NtLtu;> nrUg;G ijg;gtu; MfpNahuplk; ,Ue;J gpuhkzu;fs; czT ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. R+j;jpud; toq;fpa czT tapw;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; ,we;J Nghdtd; kW gpwg;gpy; gd;wpahfg; gpwg;ghd; my;yJ R+j;jpud; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwg;ghd; vd;W trp~;lu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

kuhl;ba Nkhb Mtzk; xd;wpy; “xUtd; fPo;g;ghy; xUj;jpapd; ifr;NrhW cz;lhd;. mtd; gpuhkzd; Mifahy; kPz;Lk; cgeadr; rlq;F Ke;E}y; mzpAk; rlq;Ff;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhd;. gpuhar;rpj;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;. mur jz;lidAk; mspf;fg;ngw;wJ. gpuhkzu;fSf;F ,ytrkhf czT toq;Ftjw;fhf jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du;fs; Xl;Lg; Giu vd;w ngaupy; czTr;riyia mikj;jpUe;jdu;. jpUtde;jGuk; Cl;Lg;Giuapy; gpuhkzu;fSf;F czT gupkhwg;gl;bUe;j epiyapy; jpUthq;$u; kd;duhd %yk; jpUehs; rpWtajpy; mij vl;bg; ghu;j;J tpl;lhu;. mtu; ghu;itahy; czT jPl;Lg;gl;ljhff; $wp gpuhkzu;fs; czit cz;zkWj;J tpl;lhu;fs;.gpd;du; gupkhwg;gl;l czT tiffis mg;Gwg;gLj;jp> rlq;F xd;wpd; %yk; mt;tplj;ijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jp Gjpjhfr; rikj;j czit cz;ldu;. (jfty;: m.fh.ngUkhs;) czT toq;FtJ kd;duhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l mtuJ kfd; mt;Tzitg; ghu;j;jJ jPl;lhff; fUjg;gl;lJ vd;ghu; (2010 : 1-4).

tu;zhrpukk; czT njhlu;ghff; filgpbj;j fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s rhd;Wfs; rpy cjhuzq;fNs MFk;. ,JNghy czT gupkhWjy;> cldpUe;J rkkhf cz;Zjy;> Nghd;wtw;wpYk; fLikahd eilKiwfis cUthf;fp itj;Js;sikiaf; fhz KbfpwJ. md;djhdj;ij rpwe;j gz;ghfr; rh];jpuq;fs; milahsg;gLj;jp mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW fijfisAk; Guhzr; rk;gtq;fisAk; md;dG+uzp vd;w flTisAk; cUthf;fp kf;fSf;F topfhl;LfpwJ. Mdhy; mNj rh];jpuq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfs; me;j cd;djkhd nraYf;Fs; ghtk;> Gz;zpak;> J}a;ik> jPl;L> Rj;jk;> mRj;jk;> Nky; [hjp> fPo; [hjp> vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ij jpzpj;J rka murpay; R+o;r;rp nra;tijAk; Nky; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;s rhd;Wfs; ntspr;rk; ,l;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

KbTiu

jkpofj;jpy; ngU tof;fpy; ,Ue;j “NrhW” vd;w nrhy; ,d;W ,optpd; milahskhf khw;wg;gl;L GJr;nrhw;fs; gad;ghl;by; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,jdhy; vr; NrhW> Gs;spr; NrhW> ntl;br; NrhW> eprjpr; NrhW> rl;br;NrhW Nghd;w gjq;fs; jd; nghUz;ikia ,oe;J epw;fpwJ.czTf; nfhliar; Rl;Lk; rl;br;NrhW vd;Dk; gjk; md;djhdk; vd;Dk; ngaupy; ngU tof;fpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ. mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngUk;ghdtw;wpy; md;djhdk; typAWj;jg;gl;lij mwpa Kbe;jJ. njhlf;ff; fhyq;fspy; vtUila typAWj;JjYk; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSk; ,d;wp kdpjhgpkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl;l md;djhdk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; rh];jpu fUj;jhf;fq;fSf;F cs;shfp vjpu;ghu;g;GfNshLk; Fwpg;gpl;l ehs; jPu;khdpj;Jk; kf;fshy; filgpbf;fg;gLk; epiyf;F khWk; fUj;jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;wJ. xUtUf;F grpj;j Neuj;jpy; cztpLtNj rpwe;j gz;G. mij tpLj;J ngsu;zkp ehspYk;> ml;ra jpUjpia ehspYk; nra;tNj ngUk;gyd; jUk; vd tiuaWg;gJk; cau; r%fj;jpdUf;F jhdk; toq;FtNj Mapuk; klq;F Gz;zpak; jUk; vd ek;gpf;ifia tpijg;gJk; Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; R+o;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghL vd;gij njspthf mwpa KbfpwJ.

ghHit E}y;fs;

Nfhtpe;juh[d;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> tpf;fpgPbah> 1987.

rptRg;gpukzpad;> M.> gpuhkz Ngh[dKk; rl;br; NrhWk;> vd;. rp.gp. `r; Gf; `T];> nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 2017.

jpUNyhf rPjhuhk;> (jkpopy;). kDju;k rh];jpuk;> fpupNal;bt; fhkd; ypnrd;]; gg;spf; Nlhikd;> 1961.

ghyfpU~;zkhr;rhup> mj;ahj;kh uhkhaz trdk;> tpf;fpgPbah> 1922.

Y}u;J. Nj.> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay;; rpy mbg;gilfs;> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay; Ma;T ikak; ntspaPL> ghisaq;Nfhl;il> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 1997.

];uPkj; Rthkp rpj;gtde;ju;> kfhghujk;> uhkfpU~;z klk; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpah> 1988.

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