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John Foundation Journal of EduSpark

(A Quarterly Peer Reviewed/Refereed Multidisciplinary Journal)

Volume 7 Issue 3 July - September 2025

AN INVESTIGATION AND OVERVIEW OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY: ARCHITECTURE, CONSENSUS, AND ITS FUTURE TRENDS

Priyadharsini, A.

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

A digital database or ledger that is distributed among the nodes of a peer-to-peer network is blockchain. Bitcoin cryptocurrency (BTC), a virtual currency designed to act as money and a form of payment outside the control of any one person, group, or entity, and thus removing the need for third-party involvement in financial transactions, lays the foundation for blockchain technology. A blockchain is a distributed database or ledger shared among a computer network’s nodes. They are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems for maintaining a secure and decentralised record of transactions, but they are not limited to cryptocurrency use and are expected to be used in many other fields, like banking, voting, health care, and property records. Blockchain technology achieves decentralised security and trust in several ways, but challenges are still awaited in scalability and security. This paper includes an overview of blockchain architecture and a comparison of some typical consensus algorithms used in different blockchains. It concludes with future trends for blockchain, technical challenges and advancements are discussed briefly.

Keywords

blockchain, architecture, decentralisation, consensus, scalability, and technical challenges.

Abstract
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FINANCIAL LITERACY FOR WOMEN STREET VENDORS: A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE-A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN STREET VENDORS IN KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA

  *Nizia Ameer, & **Aparna, P.

*Assistant Professor and Research Scholar, MSM College, Kayamkulam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India.

**Associate Professor and Research Guide, SNCW, Kollam, Kerala, India. 

Abstract

The importance of financial literacy in empowering women street vendors who frequently work in unofficial and precarious economic environments is the main topic of this paper. It draws attention to the fact that many female vendors depend on their daily income to cover home needs, yet they are unaware of and do not have access to official financial services like credit facilities, insurance plans, and savings accounts. They are often exploited and stuck in debt and financial instability cycles because of a lack of understanding, socioeconomic hurdles, and reliance on informal moneylenders. The study emphasises how financial education may be a transforming tool, enabling women to make educated decisions about borrowing, investing, and saving by looking at their current financial habits and the limitations they face. Their economic stability is increased when they are better able to manage risks, stay away from high-interest loans, and make use of government aid programs. In the end, equipping female vendors with financial literacy enhances their financial autonomy while also promoting stability in the home and greater community resilience.

Keywords

street vendors, financial literacy, and credit.

Abstract
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MATHEMATICAL ANXIETY AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

*Liyona, D. L., & **Beena Florence Donark, R. J.

 *M.Ed. Student, Bethlahem College of Education, Karungal, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.

**Associate Professor, Bethlahem College of Education, Karungal, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

In the present study, the investigator has attempted to study the mathematical anxiety among high school students using a random sampling technique. The sample selected for the study comprised 300 high school students from eleven schools of Kanyakumari District.  Statistical technique like the t-test was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed a significant difference in mathematical anxiety among high school students based on gender and the locality of their institution. It is also revealed that there exists no significant difference in the mathematical anxiety among the high school students with regard to the medium of instruction and the nature of the family.

Keywords

mathematical anxiety, high school, students, and random sampling.

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STRESS PATTERNS AND SCHOOL ADJUSTMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

*Emina Gladys, J., & **Shirlin, P.

*M.Ed. Scholar, M.E.T. College of Education, Chenbagaramanputhur, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.

**Associate Professor in M.Ed. Department of Education, M.E.T. College of Education, Chenbagaramanputhur, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India. 

Abstract

The present study investigated the relationship between stress patterns and school adjustment among high school students. The objectives of the study were 1) to find out the level of stress patterns among high school students. 2) To find out the level of school adjustment among high school students. 3) To find out the relationship between stress patterns and school adjustment among high school students. The investigator used the normative survey method. The samples of the study were 300 high school students from Kanyakumari District. Tools used for the study were the Stress Patterns Scale (developed by Anusha and Sreeletha, 2019) and the School Adjustment Scale (developed by Emina Gladys and Shirlin, 2024). The statistical techniques employed were percentage analysis and Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis. The major findings of the study revealed that 1) the level of stress patterns among high school students was at a moderate level. 2) the level of school adjustment among high school students was moderate. 3) the relationship between stress patterns and school adjustment among high school students had a negligible correlation.

Keywords

stress patterns, school adjustment  and high school students.

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REPERCUSSIONS OF WAR: ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF THE RUSSIA- UKRAINE CONFLICT ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

*Likna, N. S., & **Thushara George

*P.G. Student, Department of Economics and Centre for Research, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

**Professor and Research Guide, Department of Economics and Centre for Research, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

Abstract

This study examines the effect of the Russia-Ukraine war on international trade. It analyses global impact, import and export between Russia and Ukraine and the impact on sanctions and trade restrictions. This study focuses on five major economies China, US, UK, Europe and Russia to explain the global impact of the Russia-Ukraine war. The export and import data between Russia and Ukraine from 2020-2024 have been considered for analysis. To examine the impact on sanctions and trade restrictions, and to compare pre-sanction and post-sanction trade flows of Russia. The trade relationship between Russia and Ukraine changed due to the war. Both nations are adapting to new trade relationships with other nations.

Keywords

russia, ukraine, imports, exports, and sanctions.

Abstract
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